771 Charlemagne becomes sole king of the Franks.

782 Charlemagne seizes the remainder of Frisia, and begins a struggle for Saxony.

774 Charlemagne annexes the Lombard kingdom and the Duchy of Spoleto.

790 The Norse discover the Shetlands.

796 Charlemagne engineers the fall of the Avars with the help of the Bulgars.

798 Spanish moslems conquer Ibiza.

804 Charlemagne conquers Saxony.

823 Spanish moslems conquer Crete.

825 Wessex overcomes the Cornish Welsh and the southern dependencies of Mercia. The Bretons are forced to recognise the authority of the Franks.

827 The Aghlabids begin the reduction of Sicily.

by 830 After an initial rebuff by the Arabs, Charlemagne obtains a small Spanish province centred on Barcelona. He also absorbed Bavaria into the Frankish state, including the protectorate over the Slavs.

Vikings begin raids on British and Irish lands and the Varangians establish a settlement at the south of Lake Ladoga.

The Abbasid Califate loses control of central and western African possessions to the Idrisids caliphs and the Aghlabid emirs.

Thrace is recovered by the Byzantines, then the Greek peninsula is recovered from the Slavs. The Byzantines fail to recover lands from the Bulgars, however, and Nicephorus is killed by them.