Tai Lü orthography notes

Sample

Select part of this sample text to show a list of characters, with links to more details.
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ᦅᧄ ᦺᦑ ᦁᧃ ᦕᦲᧁ ᦘᧃ ᦞᧃ ᦓᦱ ᧞ ᦐᧄ ᦇᦱᧄ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦅᧄ ᦔᦱᧅ ᦶᦠᧂᧈ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦺᦑ ᦺᦓ ᧑᧒ ᦗᧃ ᦓᦱ ᧞ ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦺᦂᧉ ᦂᦲᧄᧈ ᦠᧃᧉ: ᦵᦑᧄ ᦙᦱ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦕᦰ ᦵᦑᧆ ᦙᦱᧃᧈ (ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦍᦸᧂ), ᦕᦰ ᦵᦑᧆ ᦟᦱᧁ, ᧞ ᦕᦰ ᦵᦑᧆ ᦺᦒ.

ᦅᦳᧃ ᦺᦑ ᦟᦹᧉ ᦜᦻ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦔᦳᧅᧈ ᦃᧁᧉ ᧞ ᦙᦲ ᦺᦉᧃ ᦊᦱᧂ. ᦔᦲᧃ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦙᧅ ᦷᦙᧃᧈ ᧞ ᦺᦓ ᦔᦲ ᦺᦖᧈ ᦺᦑ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦷᦠᧆ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦂᧃ ᦋᦴᧈ ᦅᦳᧃ.

Source: webonary.org

Usage & history

Dai Lue is spoken in the southern part of Yunnan, China, and in the surrounding countries by approximately 554,600 people.@Webonary,https://www.webonary.org/

The New Tai Lue script is a simplified version of the Tai Tham (Lanna) script, created in the 1950s, and mainly used by the Tai Lü people of Southern China for writing the Lü language. In 1987 the Old Tai Lü script was revived and widely used. However, the Chinese government once again promoted use of the New Tai Lü script in 1997, with the result that both scripts are currently in use in China.

The script is also known as Xishuangbanna Dai or Simplified Tai Tham ( ᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ ).

Although it is used for shop and street signs in some areas, few people can read the script.

Unicode 17 has 1 dedicated Tai Lü block, comprising 83 characters.

Basic features

The New Tai Lü script is an abugida, ie. consonants carry an inherent vowel sound that is overridden using vowel signs. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the modern Tai Lü orthography.

The orthography is syllable-based, and the language tonal.

New Tai Lü text runs left to right in horizontal lines. Words are separated by spaces.

❯ consonantSummary

Each basic consonant is one of a pair, denoting either a high or low tonal register for the same phonetic sound. This is very regular – each sound is represented by 2 consonant letters. Tone is indicated by a combination of the consonant class and tone marks.ws

No conjuncts are used for consonant clusters. Although, some clusters in Tai Tham are represented as single characters in New Tai Lü, in particular high tone variants such as ᦜ and ᦖ (ᩉᩖ and ᩉ᩠ᨾ in Tai Tham).

Syllable-initial clusters use 6 dedicated letters (for 3 pairs of consonants). There are no medial consonant letters.

Syllable-final consonant sounds use 7 dedicated letters, which cover all needs.

❯ basicV

The New Tai Lü orthography is an abugida with one inherent vowel, pronounced a. It represents other vowels using 17 ordinary letters (no combining marks), though they are still called vowel signs. Unlike many other SE Asian scripts, New Tai Lü uses a visual encoding model, so vowel signs that appear before the base must also be typed and stored before the base (see prebase).

There are 4 pre-base letters but no circumgraphs. However, this page lists 9 multipart vowels (made from 8 vowel signs), where in 6 cases vowel letters both precede and follow a base consonant. Multipart vowels can involve up to 3 glyphs, and can surround the base consonant(s) on up to 2 sides (left and right only).

All vowels are preceded by a consonant. What may be standalone vowels in other related languages are written after one of the 2 glottal stop consonant letters, and IPA transcriptions include the glottal stop.

Tone is also marked by spacing characters, and only after unchecked syllables. There are 6 tones, which are marked by the onset class, the type of syllable, and where needed one of 2 tone marks.

One distinguishing feature of New Tai Lü is its regularity, and simplicity compared to Tai Tham, which can also be used for the Tai Lü language. Many of the glyphs resemble Tai Tham, but they are also simplified, commonly combining into a single code point what would be multiple characters in Tai Tham. For example, ᦦ, ᦜ, and ᦗ.

Notable features

vowels are visually encoded.
no combining marks.
very regular division of consonant into high and low registers
tone depends on combinations of consonant register, syllable type, & tone marks.
words are separated using spaces.
chinese punctuation.

Character index

Letters

Show

Basic consonants

ᦔ,ᦢ,ᦕ,ᦎ,ᦡ,ᦏ,ᦂ,ᦦ,ᦀ,ᦗ,ᦥ,ᦘ,ᦑ,ᦤ,ᦒ,ᦅ,ᦨ,ᦁ,ᦈ,ᦋ,ᦚ,ᦉ,ᦪ,ᦃ,ᦧ,ᦠ,ᦝ,ᦌ,ᦫ,ᦆ,ᦩ,ᦣ,ᦖ,ᦐ,ᦄ,ᦙ,ᦓ,ᦇ,ᦛ,ᦜ,ᦊ,ᦞ,ᦟ,ᦍ

Final consonants

ᧇ,ᧆ,ᧅ,ᧄ,ᧃ,ᧂ,ᧁ

Vowels

ᦵ,ᦷ,ᦶ,ᦺ,ᦲ,ᦹ,ᦳ,ᦴ,ᦸ,ᦱ,ᦻ,ᦿ,ᦼ,ᦽ,ᦾ,ᧀ

Vowel/consonant

ᦰ

Tones

ᧈ,ᧉ

Numbers

Show

᧐,᧑,᧒,᧓,᧔,᧕,᧖,᧗,᧘,᧙,᧚

Punctuation

Show

！,？,：,；,。,、,，,．,〈,〉,《,》,（,）

Symbols

Show

᧞,᧟

Other

Show

To be investigated

!,%,,,.,:,;,?,«,»,ʼ,͏,,‌,‍,‑,–,—,‘,’,“,”,…,‰,‹,›,⁠,⋯

Phonology

These are sounds for the Tai Lü language. For more details, see the Phonology pages of the @SIL Dai Lue Dictionary,https://www.webonary.org/dailu/language/phonology/?lang=en

Click on the sounds to reveal locations in this document where they are mentioned.

Phones in a lighter colour are non-native or allophones. Source Wikipedia.

Vowel sounds

Plain vowels

Diphthongs

Vowels in open syllables are long, whereas ones in closed syllables are short, except for aː and uː.

All diphthongs are plain vowels followed by i̯.

Consonant sounds

	labial	alveolar	post- alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
stops	p b	t d			k kʷ	ʔ
aspirated	pʰ	tʰ
affricates		t͡s	t͡ɕ
fricatives	f v	s sʷ	ɕ		x xʷ	h
nasals	m	n			ŋ
approximants	w	l		j

Initials t͡s and s are palatalised before front vowels i, e, ɛ, and become t͡ɕ and ɕ, respectively. For example, t͡síŋ hard and si᷄p ten are pronounced as t͡ɕiŋ˥ and ɕip˧˥, respectively.

Finals

	labial	alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
stop	p	t		k	ʔ
nasal	m	n		ŋ
approximant	w		j

Tones

Tai Lü has 2 tones in checked syllables, and 6 tones in unchecked syllables. See tones.ws

Structure

The script is syllable-based.

Syllables. A syllable's phonetic structure is C(ʷ)(V)(C) (unchecked) or C(ʷ)(V)C (checked). Unchecked syllables end with a vowel or one of the sonorants m, n, ŋ, w, j. Checked syllables end with one of ʔ, p, t, k.

The onset consonant sequence may be one of kʷ, xʷ, sʷ.

Tai Lü has 6 tones in unchecked syllables. In checked syllables there are two tones.ws

The characters used to represent the phonetics follow the model
(pV) C (V) (VS) (Fs|Fp) (T)
where: pV is a pre-base vowel, VS is the vowel shortener ᦰ, Fs is one of the set of final sonorants, Fp is one of the set of final plosives, and T is a tone marker.

There are no medial consonant letters. Single characters are available for the onset sequences.

An onset consonant may represent a high or low register. Every consonant sound is represented by a pair of letters.

Syllable-final consonants are one of a small set of dedicated letters.

There are two tone marks, which combine with the register of the onset consonant to determine one of the 6 tone values.

Words. Many words are single syllables, but also many are composed of multiple syllables. Multi-syllabic words may have one or more 'minor' syllables, which have the form CV and can only have one of the following short vowels: a, i, or u. All CV syllables in the following examples are minor syllables.@SIL Dai Lue Dictionary,https://www.webonary.org/dailu/language/phonology/?lang=en

eg.

ᦔᦞᦎᦲᦰ

ᦉᦳᦟᦱ

ᦗᧃᦒᦓᧂ

There are also many compound words. The following words are, respectively, compounds of thing:eat, and word:think.@SIL Dai Lue Dictionary,https://www.webonary.org/dailu/language/phonology/?lang=en

eg.

ᦃᦸᧂᦂᦲᧃ

ᦅᧄᦅᦹᧆ

Vowels

Vowel summary table

This table summarises only basic vowel to character assignments. Click on the phonetic transcriptions for more detail.

ⓘ represents the inherent vowel. Consonant locations are indicated by -.

Simple	-ᦲ-,-ᦲᦰ,-ᦲ, ,-ᦹ-,-ᦹᦰ,-ᦹ, ,-ᦳ,-ᦴ
	ᦵ--,ᦵ-ᦰ,ᦵ-, ,ᦵ-ᦲ-,ᦵ-ᦲᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲ, ,ᦷ--,ᦷ-ᦰ,ᦷ-
	ᦶ–-,ᦶ–ᦰ,ᦶ–, ,-ᦸ-,-ᦸᦰ,-ᦸ
	ⓘ,-ᦰ,-ᦱ
Diphthongs	ᦿ, ,ᦼ
	ᦽ
	ᧀ
	᧟, ,ᦵ-ᧀ, ,ᦾ
	ᦺ,ᦻ

For additional details see vowel_mappings.

Inherent vowel

ᦂ ka U+1982 NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH KA

The inherent vowel for Tai Lü is pronounced a. So sa and va in the following word are written by simply using the consonant letter.

eg.

ᦉᦛᧃ

ᦉ,ᦛ,ᧃ

The inherent vowel is not usually pronounced at the end of a word.

Since Tai Lü consonants normally include an inherent vowel, the orthography has ways to indicate a consonant that is not followed by a vowel sound. See novowel.

Post-consonant vowels

The New Tai Lü orthography represents non-inherent vowels using 17 ordinary letters (no combining marks). Unlike many other SE Asian scripts, New Tai Lü uses a visual encoding model, so vowel signs that appear before the base must also be typed and stored before the base (see prebase).

There are 4 pre-base letters but no circumgraphs. However, this page lists 9 composite vowel signs (made from 8 vowel signs), where in 6 cases vowel letters both precede and follow a base consonant. Composites can involve up to 3 glyphs, and can surround the base consonant(s) on up to 2 sides (left and right only).

Basic vowels

ᦂᦲ ki

Vowel letters are pronounced short in closed syllables, and long in open syllables. The exceptions are u and a, which have distinct letters for long and short variants.ws Short open syllables are written using ᦰ after the vowel letter(s).

The simple New Tai Lü vowels are written as follows. All sounds are represented using one or more letters (see also compositeV). There are no combining marks.

ᦲ,ᦲᦰ,ᦹ,ᦹᦰ,ᦳ,ᦴ,ᦵ,ᦵ◌ᦰ,ᦵ◌ᦲ,ᦵ◌ᦲᦰ,ᦷ,ᦷ◌ᦰ,ᦶ,ᦶ◌ᦰ,ᦸ,ᦸᦰ,ᦰ,ᦱ

eg.

ᦉᦲᧇᦉᦸᧂ

ᦔᦞᦎᦲᦰ

ᦇᦹᧃᦵᦙᧆ

ᦶᦓᦰᦓᧄ

The typical use of ᦰ is to produce a short open a vowel, however it is also used to indicate shortness for the vowel sign combinations, in which case it represents just the glottal stop. It is also sometimes used to distinguish homonyms or for onomatopoeia.ws

eg.

ᦂᦰᦡᦱᧆ

ᦒᦰᦵᦟ

The set of unique components, which may be used on their own or in combination with others, are as follows.

ᦰ,ᦱ,ᦲ,ᦳ,ᦴ,ᦵ,ᦶ,ᦷ,ᦸ,ᦹ

Observation: Wiktionary has the word ᦶᦟᧂᦰ, where the ᦰ appears after the coda. Is this normal?

Diphthongs

ᦂᦿ kɯi̯

Seven single character vowel signs represent diphthongs that combine the basic vowel sound with i̯. Another diphthong is represented using a composite vowel sign.

ᦿ,ᦼ,ᦵ◌ᧀ,ᦽ,ᧀ,ᦾ,ᦺ◌,ᦻ

Pre-base vowel signs

ᦷᦂ koː

Four vowel signs appear to the left of the base consonant letter or cluster, eg. မေး.

ᦵ◌,ᦷ◌,ᦶ◌, ,ᦺ◌

Because New Tai Lü uses a fully visual encoding model (since Unicode 8.0)u, the 4 vowel signs that appear to the left of the consonant are typed and stored before the consonant, even though they are pronounced after.

show composition

ᦒᦰᦵᦟ

ᦶ should not be typed as two successive ᦵ characters.u

Composite vowel signs

ᦵᦂᦲᦰ koː

All vowels represented by combinations of the above characters. Most, but not all, of these involve the use of the vowel-shortening letter, ᦰ.

-ᦲᦰ,-ᦹᦰ,ᦵ-ᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲ,ᦷ-ᦰ,ᦶ-ᦰ,-ᦸᦰ, ,ᦵ-ᧀ

show composition

ᦵᦄᦲᧅ

Characters that don't appear in the combinations:

ᦱ,ᦳ,ᦴ,ᦺ,ᦻ,ᦼ,ᦽ,ᦾ,ᦿ

Show which combinations contain a given character:

ᦲ	-ᦲᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲ
ᦹ	-ᦹᦰ
ᦸ	-ᦸᦰ
ᦰ	-ᦲᦰ,-ᦹᦰ,ᦵ-ᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲᦰ,ᦷ-ᦰ,ᦶ-ᦰ,-ᦸᦰ
ᦵ	ᦵ-ᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲᦰ,ᦵ-ᦲ,ᦵ-ᧀ
ᦷ	ᦷ-ᦰ
ᦶ	ᦶ-ᦰ
ᧀ	ᦵ-ᧀ

Show details about glyph positioning

The following list summarises where vowel signs are positioned around a base consonant to produce vowels, and how many instances of that pattern there are. Numbers after the + sign represent combinations of vowel signs.

4 pre-base, eg. ᦵᦂ e͕k (ke)
13 post-base, eg. ᦂᦱ kā
+3 post+post-base, eg. ᦂᦲᦰ kiʔ
+4 pre+post-base, eg. ᦵᦂᦲ e͕ki (ke͕i)
+1 pre+post+post-base, eg. ᦵᦂᦲᦰ e͕kiʔ (ke͕iʔ)

Vowel-signs only appear to the left and/or right of a consonant.

Standalone vowels

All vowels are preceded by a consonant. What may be standalone vowels in other related languages are written after one of the 2 glottal stop consonant letters, ᦀ and ᦁ, and IPA transcriptions include a glottal stop.

eg.

ᦀᦱᧇ

ᦶᦀᧅ

ᦵᦁᦲᧁᧈᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈ

Tones

New Tai Lü has two tone marks, which are written at the end of an unchecked syllable. Because consonants come in pairs to denote two tonal registers, the two tone marks allow for representation of six specific tones.ws

The tone marks are ordinary spacing characters.

ᧈ,ᧉ

Tai Lü has 2 tones in checked syllables, and 6 tones in unchecked syllables.ws

Register	Checked?	Mark	Description	Example
High	checked	-	˧˥ high-rising	ᦜᧅ ᦜᦱᧅ
	unchecked	-	˥ high	ᦂᦱ
		ᧈ	˧˥ high-rising	ᦂᦱᧈ
		ᧉ	˩˧ low-rising	ᦂᦱᧉ
Low	checked	-	˧ mid	ᦟᧅ ᦟᦱᧅ
	unchecked	-	˥˩ falling	ᦅᦱ
		ᧈ	˧ mid	ᦅᦱᧈ
		ᧉ	˩ low	ᦅᦱᧉ

Vowel sounds mapped to characters

This section maps Tai Lü vowel sounds to common graphemes in the New Tai Lü orthography.

The left column shows closed syllables, and the right open.

Plain vowels

i~iː

mixed ᦲ

iʔ

open ᦲᦰ

ɯ~ɯː

mixed ᦹ

ɯʔ

open ᦹᦰ

closed ᦳ

uː

open ᦴ

e~eː

mixed ᦵ

eʔ

open ᦵ-ᦰ

ɤ~ɤː

mixed ᦵ-ᦲ

ɤʔ

open ᦵ-ᦲᦰ

o~oː

mixed ᦷ

oʔ

open ᦷ-ᦰ

ɛ~ɛː

mixed ᦶ

ɛʔ

open ᦶ-ᦰ

ɔ~ɔː

mixed ᦸ

ɔʔ

open ᦸᦰ

a~aː

inherent vowel eg. ᦅᧄ

closed ᦰ

mixed ᦱ

Diphthongs

ɯi̯

ᦿ

ui̯

ᦼ

ɤi̯

ᦵ-ᧀ

oi̯

ᦽ

ɔi̯

ᦾ

əi̯

ᧀ

ai̯

ᦺ

aːi̯

ᦻ

Vowel absence

Vowel absence principally occurs either when a consonant is a syllable coda, or when a consonant is part of a consonant cluster.

Dedicated code points are used for syllable codas, both word-medially and word-finally, to show that there is no following inherent vowel (see finals). This also eliminates potential confusion about syllable boundaries. There is no virama, and no conjuncts.

eg.

ᦗᧃᦒᦓᧂ

ᦗ,ᧃ,ᦒ,ᦓ,ᧂ

Onset consonants can be labialised, but there are also distinct code points for that (see onsets).

eg.

ᦦᦱᧂ

ᦦ,ᦱ,ᧂ

Consonants

Consonant summary table

This table summarises only basic consonant to character assignments. Click on the phonetic transcriptions for more detail.

	high tonal register	low tonal register
Initials	ᦔ,ᦢ,ᦎ,ᦡ,ᦂ,ᦦ,ᦀ	ᦗ,ᦥ,ᦑ,ᦤ,ᦅ,ᦨ,ᦁ
	ᦕ,ᦏ	ᦘ,ᦒ
	ᦈ,ᦈ	ᦋ,ᦋ
	ᦚ,ᦛ,ᦉ,ᦪ,ᦃ,ᦧ,ᦠ	ᦞ,ᦝ,ᦌ,ᦫ,ᦆ,ᦩ,ᦣ
	ᦖ,ᦐ,ᦄ	ᦙ,ᦓ,ᦇ
	ᦜ,ᦊ	ᦞ,ᦟ,ᦍ
Ligatures	᧞	᧟
Finals	ᧇ,ᧆ,ᧅ
	ᧄ,ᧃ,ᧂ
	ᧁ

For additional details see vowel_mappings.

Basic consonants

Basic consonant sounds in Tai Lü are written using the following letters. For each sound there are two letters, one used for the high tonal register, and the other for the low register. There are no irregularities. Tone is indicated by a combination of the consonant class and tone marks (see tones).ws

Click on each letter for more details and for examples of usage, especially where more than one sound is indicated.

High class consonants

ᦔ,ᦕ,ᦢ,ᦎ,ᦏ,ᦡ,ᦂ,ᦦ,ᦀ,ᦈ,ᦚ,ᦉ,ᦪ,ᦃ,ᦧ,ᦠ,ᦖ,ᦐ,ᦄ,ᦛ,ᦜ,ᦊ

Low class consonants

ᦗ,ᦘ,ᦥ,ᦑ,ᦒ,ᦤ,ᦅ,ᦨ,ᦁ,ᦋ,ᦝ,ᦌ,ᦫ,ᦆ,ᦩ,ᦣ,ᦙ,ᦓ,ᦇ,ᦞ,ᦟ,ᦍ

The following examples illustrate how the choice of consonant affects the tone of the syllable. For more information, see tones.

cf.

ᦜᧅ

ᦟᧅ

cf.

ᦅᦱᧈ

ᦂᦱᧈ

Onsets

There are no onset clusters, per se, but 6 onsets (3 pairs of sounds) can be labialised. Dedicated letters are used for this. There are no medial consonant letters.

ᦦ,ᦨ,ᦪ,ᦫ,ᦧ,ᦩ

eg.

ᦦᦱᧂ

ᦋᦲᧉᦩᦱᧈ

Codas

New Tai Lü has a set of dedicated syllable-final consonants. A small hook-like modification indicates that they have no inherent vowel.u

ᧇ,ᧆ,ᧅ,ᧄ,ᧃ,ᧂ,ᧁ

eg.

ᦅᦹᧆ

ᦆᧄᦃᦱᧁ

ᦏᧄᧉ

The use of such dedicated coda letters removes potential ambiguities about where syllable boundaries fall.

Consonant to script mapping

This section maps Tai Lü consonant sounds to common graphemes in the New Tai Lü orthography.

The left-hand column shows high register consonants, the middle column has low register consonants, and the right-hand column shows syllable-final consonants

high ᦔ

low ᦗ

coda ᧇ

pʰ

high ᦕ

low ᦘ

high ᦢ

low ᦥ

high ᦎ

low ᦑ

coda ᧆ

tʰ

high ᦏ

low ᦒ

t͡s

high ᦈ

low ᦋ

t͡ɕ

high ᦈ

low ᦋ

high ᦡ

low ᦤ

high ᦂ

low ᦅ

coda ᧅ

kʷ

high ᦦ

low ᦨ

high ᦀ

low ᦁ

closed ᦰ

high ᦚ

low ᦝ

high ᦛ

low ᦞ

high ᦉ

low ᦌ

sʷ

high ᦪ

low ᦫ

high ᦉ

low ᦌ

high ᦃ

low ᦆ

xʷ

high ᦧ

low ᦩ

high ᦠ

low ᦣ

high ᦖ

low ᦙ

coda ᧄ

high ᦐ

low ᦓ

coda ᧃ

high ᦄ

low ᦇ

coda ᧂ

u̯

coda ᧁ

high ᦜ

low ᦟ

lɛʔ

ligature ᧞

lɛu

ligature ᧟

high ᦊ

low ᦍ

Symbols

New Tai Lü has two ligatures, used for abbreviations. See abbrev.

᧞,᧟

Numbers

New Tai Lü has its own set of digits, derived from the Tai Tham hora set.u

᧐,᧑,᧚,᧒,᧓,᧔,᧕,᧖,᧗,᧘,᧙

᧚ is an alternative glyph for ᧑ when it might otherwise be confused with the vowel ᦱ.u

Text direction

New Tai Lü text runs left to right in horizontal lines.

Show default bidi_class properties for characters in the New Tai Lü orthography described here.

Glyph shaping & positioning

You can experiment with examples using the New Tai Lüe character app.

Context-based shaping & positioning

Tai Lü letters don't interact, so no special shaping is needed.

And there are no combining mark, so context-based positioning of glyphs is also not necessary.

Typographic units

Word boundaries

Words are generally separated by spaces. However, in some texts spaces delimit phrases, rather than words.

Graphemes

Grapheme clusters

tbd

Since all New Tai Lü characters are spacing characters, they are all separate Unicode grapheme clusters. This means that, by default, operations such as forwards/backwards deletion, cursor movement & selection, and character counts all apply to individual characters, regardless of type or of syllabic context.

Punctuation & inline features

Phrase & section boundaries

In this orthography, Tai Lü appears to use a mixture of ASCII and fullwidth punctuation.

Observation: The Lü translation of the text in the SIL Tai Lü dictionary uses both ASCII and fullwidth commas in the same text. It also contains ASII full stops and an ASCII exclamation mark. See @Dai Lue Dictionary,https://www.webonary.org/dailu/overview/introduction/?lang=lu.

Observation: New Tai Lü may include the following (needs to be checked).

！,？,：,；,。,、,，,．

Bracketed text

Observation: The Lü translation of the text in the SIL Tai Lü dictionary uses both ASCII parentheses. See @Dai Lue Dictionary,https://www.webonary.org/dailu/overview/introduction/?lang=lu.

Observation: New Tai Lü may also use fullwidth Chinese punctuation, and therefore may include the following (needs to be checked).

〈,〉,《,》,（,）

Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition

New Tai Lü has two ligatures, used for abbreviations.

᧞ represents the conjunction and.ws The long form is:

ᦶᦟᦰ

᧟ represents the perfectivews. The long form is:

ᦶᦟᧁᧉ ɛ͕ḻw̽² lɛu˩

Line & paragraph layout

Line breaking & hyphenation

tbd

Show (default) line-breaking properties for characters in the modern Tai Lü orthography.

Baselines, line height, etc.

tbd

Tai Lü uses the so-called 'alphabetic' baseline, which is the same as for Latin and many other scripts.

Tai Lü

Sample

Usage & history

Basic features

Notable features

Character index

Letters

Basic consonants

Final consonants

Vowels

Vowel/consonant

Tones

Numbers

Punctuation

Symbols

Other

To be investigated

Phonology

Vowel sounds

Plain vowels

Diphthongs

Consonant sounds

Finals

Tones

Structure

Vowels

Vowel summary table

Inherent vowel

Post-consonant vowels

Basic vowels

Diphthongs

Pre-base vowel signs

Composite vowel signs

Standalone vowels

Tones

Vowel sounds mapped to characters

Plain vowels

Diphthongs

Vowel absence

Consonants

Consonant summary table

Basic consonants

Onsets

Codas

Consonant to script mapping

Symbols

Numbers

Text direction

Glyph shaping & positioning

Context-based shaping & positioning

Typographic units

Word boundaries

Graphemes

Grapheme clusters

Punctuation & inline features

Phrase & section boundaries

Bracketed text

Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition

Line & paragraph layout

Line breaking & hyphenation

Baselines, line height, etc.

Page & book layout

References