/* */ var charDetails = { '\u{0700}': `

`, '\u{0701}': `

`, '\u{0702}': `

`, '\u{0703}': `

`, '\u{0704}': `

`, '\u{0705}': `

`, '\u{0706}': `

`, '\u{0707}': `

`, '\u{0708}': `

`, '\u{0709}': `

`, '\u{070A}': `

`, '\u{070B}': `

`, '\u{070C}': `

`, '\u{070D}': `

`, '\u{070F}': `

`, '\u{0710}': `

Serves as a vowel carrier at the beginning of a word, and for standalone vowels word-medially. In some cases phonetic descriptions indicate a glottal stop for such usages, but in others (including most word-initial instances) they don't.

ܐܲܩܠܵܐ

ܐܵܘܬܵܓ݂

ܐܝܼܣܪܵܐܹܝܠ

ܓܲܙܵܐܝܼܪ

ܦܵܐܹܣ

It appears at the end of most words ending in ɑ or e, but is silent and doesn't affect the preceding sound.

ܒܪܵܬܵܐ

ܒܹܝܬ݇ܢܝܼ̈ܣܵܢܹܐ

In a few words it separates the vowel from the first consonant, as if there is a glottal stop:

ܚܐܵܛܵܐ

ܪܐܵܫܵܐ

It can also appear word-medially if the word has been prefixed with a single-letter preposition.

ܒܐܵܗܵܐ

In other words, such as the next word, it seems to have a lengthening function.

ܠܵܐܝ ܠܵܐܝ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

An unusual feature of Eastern Syriac is that when this letter is not connected to the right-hand side, it has different shapes depending on whether it is word-final or not. For example:

ܡܠܘܿܐܵܐ

It also ligates with ܬ [U+072C SYRIAC LETTER TAW] when following a connecting letter, eg. compare:

ܐܸܓܲܪܬܵܐ

ܐܸܫܬܵܐ

`, '\u{0711}': `

`, '\u{0712}': `

b when hard.

ܒܵܒܵܐ

ܠܸܒܢܵܢ

Combinations

ܒ݂

ܒ݂ [U+0712 SYRIAC LETTER BETH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is traditionally the 'soft' consonant v.

ܣܵܒ݂ܵܐ

However, when syllable-final this may represent the sound w, or may work with the syllable nucleus to create o. This pronunciation may be related to dialect differences. For example, according to Wiktionary, the following word is pronounced tˤoːtɑː in the standard dialect, but tˤɑvːtɑː in Urmian, and tˤɑwːθɑː in Nineveh dialects.

ܛܵܒ݂ܬܵܐ

Preposition

At the beginning of a word this may represent the preposition by, with, or in.

ܒܐܵܗܵܐ

If the following consonant is the beginning of a cluster, this preposition is written with the vowel diacritic ◌ܲ [U+0732 SYRIAC PTHAHA DOTTED], but otherwise not.

Urmian dialect. w when soft. v has become w in most modern dialects, and can form diphthongs with a preceding vowel.wb,#Syriac_Beth

`, '\u{0713}': `

g when hard.

ܓܵܘܙܵܐ

ܐܵܢܔܠܝܼܵܐ

Combinations

ܓ݂

ܓ݂ [U+0713 SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is the 'soft' sound ɣr,33.

ܓ݂ܵܠܹܒ

ܣܪܵܓ݂ܵܐ

Other dialects may produce ɟ, ʔ, or j.

ܓ̰

ܓ̰ [U+0713 SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] is d͡ʒ. The tilde is called maǧlīyānā, and is used to extend Assyrian for sounds that didn't appear in classical Syriac.

ܓ̰ܘܼܢܵܐ

ܓ̰ܵܘܹܓ̰

`, '\u{0714}': `

`, '\u{0715}': `

d when hard.

ܕܵܕܵܐ

ܐܸܕܝܵܘܡ

Combinations

ܕ݂ [U+0715 SYRIAC LETTER DALATH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is the 'soft' sound ð. ܐܵܕ݂ܵܪ

Preposition

At the beginning of a word this may represent the preposition of, eg. ܚܵܬܵܐ ܕܲܒܪܵܬܵܐ

If the following consonant is the beginning of a cluster, this preposition is written with the vowel diacritic ◌ܲ [U+0732 SYRIAC PTHAHA DOTTED], but otherwise not.

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

Urmian dialect. Soft sound not used. Words are written and pronounced as d

`, '\u{0716}': `

`, '\u{0717}': `

ܗܵܘܵܐ

ܐܵܗܵܐ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

`, '\u{0718}': `

w as a consonant.

ܘܲܪܵܩܵܐ

ܗܵܘܵܐ

w as part of an aw diphthong, eg. ܓܵܘܙܵܐ gāwzāʾ gāwzā walnut

At the beginning of a word this may represent the conjunction and. If the following consonant is the beginning of a cluster, this conjunction is written with the vowel diacritic ◌ܲ [U+0732 SYRIAC PTHAHA DOTTED], but otherwise not. It may be pronounced u.

ܒܪܵܬܵܐ ܘܝܵـܠܵܐ

Vowel combinations

ܘܼ

ܘܼ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW + U+073C SYRIAC HBASA-ESASA DOTTED] is u or one of ʊ, uː, or ʊː. Before a consonant cluster this vowel is pronounced shorterr,26.

ܢܘܼܢܵܐ

ܩܘܼܝܵܡܵܐܼ

ܘܿ

ܘܿ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW + U+073F SYRIAC RWAHA] is transcribed in Wiktionary as one of o, oː, ʊ, or ʊː, whereas Daniels describes it as u. Davis describes it as something more like ɔr,27.

ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪ

ܡܘܿܕܵܐ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

Urmian dialect.

The consonant is pronounced v.

Both vowel combinations are pronounced ur,27.

`, '\u{0719}': `

ܙܵܘܕܵܐ

ܦܪܵܣܚܸܙܘܵܐ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

`, '\u{071A}': `

ܚܵܘܵܐ

ܒܵܚܪܹܝܢ

`, '\u{071B}': `

tˤ

ܛܵܡܵܛܵܐ

ܛܲܒܵܚ

`, '\u{071C}': `

`, '\u{071D}': `

j as a consonant.

ܩܘܼܝܵܡܵܐܼ

Vowel combinations

ܝܼ

ܝܼ [U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH + U+073C SYRIAC HBASA-ESASA DOTTED] is iː or i.

ܐܝܼܪܵܢ

ܡܝܼܫ̰

◌ܹܝ [U+0739 SYRIAC DOTTED ZLAMA ANGULAR + U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH] is e.

ܐܹܝܠ

ܒܵܚܪܹܝܢ

`, '\u{071E}': `

`, '\u{071F}': `

k when hardr,9

ܟܘܼܡܵܬܪܵܐ

ܒܵܪܹܟ

Combinations

ܟ݂

ܟ݂ [U+071F SYRIAC LETTER KAPH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is the soft sound xr,35.

ܕܵܟ݂ܹܐ

ܐ݇ܟ݂ܵܠ݇ܪܲܡܫܵܐ

ܟ̰

ܟ̰ [U+071F SYRIAC LETTER KAPH + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] is t͡ʃ. The tilde is called maǧlīyānā, and is used to extend Assyrian for sounds that didn't appear in classical Syriac. It is mostly used for words borrowed from the Turkish languager,35.

ܟ̰ܵܐܝ

ܒܹܝܬ ܡܲܟ̰ܡܲܥܬܵܐ

Shaping

Observation: There seems to be an alternative form for this letter when used in (proper) isolation, that resembles an initial form but has a tail. See for example page 9 of Davis.

`, '\u{0720}': `

ܠܲܦܵܐ

ܡܘܼܫܟܸܠܵܐ

ܡܲܐܟ݂ܸܠ

Preposition

At the beginning of a word this may represent the preposition to, eg. ܕܵܫܢܵܐ ܠܲܒܪܵܬܵܐ

If the following consonant is the beginning of a cluster, this preposition is written with the vowel diacritic ◌ܲ [U+0732 SYRIAC PTHAHA DOTTED].

`, '\u{0721}': `

ܡܲܠܟܵܐ

ܪܲܡܫܵܐ

`, '\u{0722}': `

ܢܵܬܵܐ

ܟܵܢܘܿܢ

`, '\u{0723}': `

ܣܵܠܵܐ

ܥܸܣܪܵܐ

`, '\u{0724}': `

`, '\u{0725}': `

ܥܸܣܪܵܐ

ܬܪܸܥܣܲܪ

ܦܵܪܹܥ

Urmian dialect. This is not pronounced, and simply serves as a carrier for a or e sounds.r

`, '\u{0726}': `

p when 'hard'

ܦܵܓܵܐ

ܩܘܼܦܬܵܐ

Combinations

ܦ̮ [U+0726 SYRIAC LETTER PE + U+032E COMBINING BREVE BELOW] is the 'soft' sound f.

ܬܸܦ̮ܠܵܐ `, '\u{0727}': `

`, '\u{0728}': `

sˤ by default

ܨܵܝܕܵܐ

ܡܸܨܪܹܝܢ

s before o or u, according to Davisr,9, but Wiktionary has:

ܨܘܼܢܵܡܝܼ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

Urmian dialect. Pronounced s, and so the same as ܣ [U+0723 SYRIAC LETTER SEMKATH].r,10

`, '\u{0729}': `

ܩܵܝܵܐ

ܘܲܪܵܩܬܵܐ

`, '\u{072A}': `

ܪܲܡܫܵܐ

ܐܵܕܵܪ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

`, '\u{072B}': `

ܫܠܵܡܵܐ

ܐܸܫܬܵܐ

Combinations

ܫ̃

ܫ̰ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] is ʒ. Davisr,36 and Wiktionary put the tilde below the base, whereas Hobermand,506 shows it above. The sequence of characters for the latter would be ܫ̃ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0303 COMBINING TILDE]

The tilde is called maǧlīyānā, and is used to extend Assyrian for sounds that didn't appear in classical Syriac. It is mostly used for words borrowed from other languages.

ܡܝܼܫ̰ `, '\u{072C}': `

t when hard.

ܬܲܠܓܵܐ

ܫܸܬܠܵܐ

Combinations

ܬ݂

ܬ݂ [U+072C SYRIAC LETTER TAW + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is the 'soft' sound θ.

ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪ

ܡܵܬ݂ܘܵܬܹ̈ܐ

Shaping

Connects only on the right side.

Urmian dialect. Soft form not used. Words are written and pronounced t.r,34

`, '\u{072D}': `

`, '\u{072E}': `

`, '\u{072F}': `

`, '\u{0730}': `

`, '\u{0731}': `

`, '\u{0732}': `

a or æ

ܕܲܪܬܵܐ

ܐܲܪܒܥܵܐ

This is a shorter vowel than ◌ܵ [U+0735 SYRIAC ZQAPHA DOTTED] and the phonetic realisation is central, such as ä or ɐ.

This vowel is used in closed syllables, and a following single consonant is usually geminated, eg. compare: ܣܲܡܲܐ ܣܵܡܵܐ

Combinations

◌ܲܝ [U+0732 SYRIAC PTHAHA DOTTED + U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH] (with no vowel attached to the YUDH) has phonetic transcriptions in Wiktionary that include aj, e and ɛː.

ܒܲܝܬܵܐ

ܣܲܝܦܵܐ

ܐܸܕܠܲܝܠܹܐ

Urmian dialect

Can be pronounced the same way, eg. ܥܲܡ.

But may also be pronounced æ, or as ɛ, eg. ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ or ܟܲܠܒܵܐ

`, '\u{0733}': `

`, '\u{0734}': `

`, '\u{0735}': `

aː or one of ɑː ɑ a

ܐܵܗܵܐ

ܐܵܬܘܿܪ

ܒܲܝܬܵܐ

ܙܵܪܓܵܐ

Words ending with this vowel typically have a silent ܐ [U+0710 SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH] at the end, which doesn't affect the pronunciation of the vowel.

Combinations

◌ܵܘ [U+0735 SYRIAC ZQAPHA DOTTED + U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW] (with no vowel attached to the WAW) has phonetic transcriptions in Wiktionary that include o and ʊː.

ܐܵܘܬܵܓ݂

ܝܵܘܡܵܐ

◌ܵܝ [U+0735 SYRIAC ZQAPHA DOTTED + U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH] (with no vowel attached to the YUDH) has phonetic transcriptions in Wiktionary that include e and aj.

ܟܘܵܝܬ

ܦܵܝܕܵܐ

Urmian dialect

Often more like æ (a), but also ɑ (â) in certain words.

`, '\u{0736}': `

`, '\u{0737}': `

`, '\u{0738}': `

ɪ or ə Wiktionary mostly transcribes this as i.

ܐܸܫܬܵܐ

ܩܸܢܵܐ

ܫܸܡܫܵܐ

This vowel is used in closed syllables, and a following single consonant is usually geminated.

Urmian dialect

Many words are pronounced with this sound rather than a, and this often leads to a spelling change also, eg. ܕܲܫܬܵܐ may be spelledr,18 ܕܸܫܬܵܐ deʃtāʾ

ɛ is the standard pronunciation.

ɪ often in East Syriac dialects (when it may be transcribed i)w,#Vowels, eg. ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ lĭšanaʾ lɪʃana language

`, '\u{0739}': `

e Wiktionary also occasionally transcribes this as i or ɛ.

ܪܹܫܵܐ

At the end of a word this typically indicates a plural.

Combinations

◌ܹܝ [U+0739 SYRIAC DOTTED ZLAMA ANGULAR + U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH] is also ew,#Vowels.

ܐܹܝܠ ܒܵܚܪܹܝܢ

Urmian dialect

ɪ, i, eg. ܡܵܪܹܐ mareʾ marɪ possessor of

`, '\u{073A}': `

`, '\u{073B}': `

`, '\u{073C}': `

Always used with ܘ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW] or ܝ [U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH]. The combination follows ܐ [U+0710 SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH] at the start of a word, just like other vowels.

ܝܼ

ܝܼ [U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH + U+073C SYRIAC HBASA-ESASA DOTTED] is iː or i.

ܐܝܼܠܵܢܵܐ

ܢܝܼܫܵܐ

The combination may be transcribed as î. Many imperatives and 1st person singular possessive pronouns end in this vowelr,20, eg. ܒܢܝܼ ܒܵܒܝܼ

The sound ija can be written with a single yodh consonant, and vowel diacritics both above and below itr,20.

ܐܝܼܛܵܠܝܼܵܐ

ܘܼ

ܘܼ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW + U+073C SYRIAC HBASA-ESASA DOTTED] is u or one of ʊ, uː, or ʊː. Before a consonant cluster this vowel is pronounced shorterr,26.

ܢܘܼܢܵܐ ܩܘܼܦܬܵܐ

The combination may be transcribed as û.

`, '\u{073D}': `

`, '\u{073E}': `

`, '\u{073F}': `

Always used with ܘ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW]

ܡܘܿܕܵܐ

The two together may be transcribed as ô

Urmian dialect. Pronounced u.r,27

`, '\u{0740}': `

`, '\u{0741}': `

Six Syriac letters can indicate either a plosive ('hard') or fricative ('soft') sound. This diacritic can be used above them to indicate that they are pronounced as the hard form.

Unlike the soft form diacritic, it is not usually used in Assyrian orthography, but may occasionally be used, especially in older texts, to emphasise the sound of 5 consonantsr,32-34:

ܒ݁ b	ܒ݁ܪܵܬܵ݁ܐ
ܬ݁ t	ܫܸܬ݁ܠܵܐ
ܕ݁ d	ܐܸܕ݁ܠܲܝܠܹܐ
ܟ݁ k	ܟ݁ܘܵܝܬ݁
ܓ݁ ɡ	ܕ݁ܘܼܓ݁ܠܵܐ

`, '\u{0742}': `

Six Syriac letters can indicate either a plosive ('hard') or fricative ('soft') sound. This diacritic is used below 5 letters to indicate that they are pronounced as the soft form. Unlike the hard form diacritic, it is regularly used in Assyrian orthography.

It produces the following soundsr,32-34:

ܒ݂ v	ܣܵܒ݂ܵܐ
ܬ݂ θ	ܐܵܬ݂ܘܿܪ
ܕ݂ ð	ܐܵܕ݂ܵܪ
ܟ݂ ħ	ܒܲܟ݂ܬܵܐ
ܓ݂ ɣ	ܣܪܵܓ݂ܵܐ

See also ܦ̮ [U+0726 SYRIAC LETTER PE + U+032E COMBINING BREVE BELOW] which is used for f, and ◌݁ [U+0741 SYRIAC QUSHSHAYA], which is optionally used to indicate the hard form.

`, '\u{0743}': `

`, '\u{0744}': `

`, '\u{0745}': `

`, '\u{0746}': `

`, '\u{0747}': `

Silences a letter, eg. ܫܲܢ݇ܬܵܐ

Frequently, its use in the modern Aramaic koine is to bridge differences in dialects. For example, the following is pronounced baθar in some modern dialects, harking back to the classical pronunciation, but bar in Urmi and the koine ܒܬ݇ܪ bt݇r after

Occasionally the diacritic is used below the base, in which case use ݈ [U+0748 SYRIAC OBLIQUE LINE BELOW]

The letters ܐ ܥ ܗ ܝ, when included for etymological reasons, are often silent, though without using the talqana.n

`, '\u{0748}': `

Used in the modern Aramaic koine to bridge differences in dialects.

The marker appears to be more common above the base, in which case use ݇ [U+0747 SYRIAC OBLIQUE LINE ABOVE]

The letters ܐ ܥ ܗ ܝ, when included for etymological reasons, are often silent, though without using the talqana.n

`, '\u{0749}': `

`, '\u{074A}': `

`, '\u{074D}': `

`, '\u{074E}': `

`, '\u{074F}': `

`, '\u{0303}': `

Used to indicate sounds not found in Classical Syriac, and called maǧliyana

Assyrian typically uses a tilde above the base character for the following:

ܙ z -> ܙ̃ ʒ

ܫ ʃ -> ܫ̃ ʒ

For some combinations, maǧliyana is written using ̰ [U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW]

`, '\u{0304}': `

In sequences of 3 consonants without intervening vowels this is used below the second to contract the pronunciation of the letter and add a very short vowelr,53, eg. ܡܲܩܕ̄ܫܵܐ ܡܲܕܒ̄ܚܵܐ ܚܲܪܕ̄ܠܵܐ

It is NOT used with the following consonants: ܐ ܗ ܘ ܝ ܠ ܡ ܢ ܥ ܪ

It is mostly found in older texts, or the writings of modern authors wanting to adhere to the full rules of Assyrian spelling, and is practically obsolete in everyday use.r,32

`, '\u{0307}': `

Used to disambiguate certain letters, morphemes or words, eg. the masc. and fem. personal pronouns, and their corresponding demonstratives: ܗ̇ܘ ḣw aw ܗ̇ܝ ḣy aj

The dot is also written over the 3rd person fem. suffix ܘܗ̇ -wḣ -o

Examples include ܐܝܼܕ݂ܵܗ̇ ܐ݇ܬܹܐ ܠܵܗ̇

The dot above also distinguishes the two following words, the second of which has a dot below ܡ̇ܢ ṁn man who ܡ̣ܢ ṃn mɪn from

See also ◌̣ [U+0323 COMBINING DOT BELOW]

`, '\u{0308}': `

Examples of usen: ܒܢܵܬܹ̈ܐ ܝܵܠܹ̈ܐ ܗܵܘܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܵܡܹܐ ܫܲܪܝܼܪܹ̈ܥ ܡܵܬ݂ܘܵܬܹ̈ܐ

`, '\u{0323}': `

Used to disambiguate certain letters, morphemes or words, eg. it distinguishes these words: ܡ̣ܢ ṃn mɪn from ܡܸܢ

See also ◌̇ [U+0307 COMBINING DOT ABOVE], since this dot often appears above the base also.

`, '\u{032E}': `

ܦ̮

Used to indicate f, a soft pronunciation of ܦ [U+0726 SYRIAC LETTER PE] called ܩܝܸܫܬܵܐ݂݂ qiʃtɑr,36.

ܬܸܦ̮ܠܵܐ

ܦ̮ܵܠܵܣܛܝܼܢ

Urmian dialect. May be pronounced u, eg. ܪܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ rapˇʃāʾ ruʃɑ or o, eg. ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ napˇʃāʾ noʃɑ or f, eg. ܬܲܦ̮ܬܘܼܫܹܐ tapˇtwiʃēʾ taftuʃi

`, '\u{0330}': `

Used to indicate sounds not found in Classical Syriac, and called maǧliyana (ܡܲܓ̰ܠܝܼܵܢܵܐ)

Davisr,35-6 lists only 3 uses, all of which appear below the base consonant:

d͡ʒ	ܓ̰ [U+0713 SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW]	ܓ̰ܵܘܹܓ̰
t͡ʃ	ܟ̰ [U+071F SYRIAC LETTER KAPH + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW]	ܟ̰ܹܟܡܲܟ̰ܵܐ
ʒ	ܫ̰ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW]	ܡܝܼܫ̰

Hobermand,506 list one additional combination, but no new sounds, however he also places the tilde above the base consonant.

ʒ	ܙ̃ [U+0719 SYRIAC LETTER ZAIN + U+0303 COMBINING TILDE]
ʒ	ܫ̃ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0303 COMBINING TILDE]