Updated 2 April, 2024
This page brings together basic information about the Kayah Li script and its use for the Western Kayah language. It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Western Kayah using Unicode.
Richard Ishida, Western Kayah (Kayah Li) Orthography Notes, 02-Apr-2024, https://r12a.github.io/scripts/kali/kyu
ꤙꤤ ꤋꤢꤨ꤭ꤡꤛꤥꤔꤢ ꤡꤛꤣ ꤟꤢꤩꤏꤥ꤬ꤘꤣ꤬ꤑꤢ꤭ ꤕꤢꤩ ꤔꤤꤔꤢ꤬ꤠꤢꤩ꤬ ꤠꤟꤤ꤭ꤢꤨ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤔꤢ ꤡꤢꤪꤗꤢꤚꤛꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤟꤢꤩꤙꤢꤧ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤔꤌꤣ꤬ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤕꤟꤛꤢꤐꤟꤢꤧꤜꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤟꤢ꤬ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ꤞꤢꤧ ꤚꤢꤪ ꤢ꤬ ꤔꤟꤤꤘꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤢꤪ꤭ꤋꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤞꤛꤢ ꤡꤢꤪꤗꤢ꤬ꤚꤛꤢ꤬ꤘꤢꤨ꤬ ꤍꤟꤥ꤯
Kayah Li is used to write the Eastern and Western Kayah Li languages, spoken by 360,000 and 210,000 people, respectively. Although native to Myanmar, these languages are now also spoken by significant numbers of refugees in Thailand, where the Kayah Li script is taught in schools.
ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤜꤤ꤬ ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤍꤟꤥ
The Kayah Li script was invented in 1962 by Htae Bu Phae (also written Hteh Bu Phe).
Sources Scriptsource and Unicode.
The Kayah Li script is an alphabet. Both consonants and vowels are indicated by letters. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the Western Kayah language.
Kayah Li text runs left to right in horizontal lines. It is a fairly simple and straightforward writing system. Words are separated by spaces, and can be multi-syllabic.
Kayah Li has 24 basic consonant letters. Two are not commonly used, and one is used for more than one sound. Otherwise, things are very phonetic.
There are no syllable or word final consonants, but syllable-initial clusters may include up to 4 consonants.
❯ basicV
The Kayah Li orthography is an alphabet that has a mixed approach to vowel letters. 4 basic letters are written as simple characters, and 5 more vowels are written using ꤢ [U+A922 KAYAH LI LETTER A] and a combining character.
The combining vowel diacritics can also be used with ꤣ [U+A923 KAYAH LI LETTER OE] to write 5 diphthongs used in loan words. The one common diphthong, ɯə, is somewhat more complicated, however, and uses different sequences of consonant characters to write breathy and non-breathy forms.
Breathy vowels are indicated by preceding them with ꤟ [U+A91F KAYAH LI LETTER HA]. There is no nasalisation.
There are no special arrangements for standalone vowels.
Kayah Li has 3 combining tone marks, which are always used in a straightforward way at the end of every syllable to indicate one of 4 tones. One tone is not marked.
Kayah Li has its own set of decimal digits.
The following represents the repertoire of the Western Red Karen language.
Click on the sounds to reveal locations in this document where they are mentioned.
Phones in a lighter colour are non-native or allophones. Sources Helgerson, Wikipedia.
The diphthongs beginning with schwa are used in loanwords.ws
The sounds g and s are used in loan words.h
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Kayah has 4 syllable types. The CV syllable pattern is the most common.h
V, CV, CCV, CCCV
The syllable-initial consonant clusters involve one or more of the following after the initial.
j, w, r, l
For a list of possible combinations, see clusters.
Tones and breathiness are applied to the syllable nucleus. There are 4 tones.
Kayah words can be 1 – 3 syllables in length, and compound words are relatively common.h
The following table summarises the main vowel to character assigments.
Vowels can exhibit breathiness when preceded by ꤟ, but they are not shown here (see breathiness).
Plain: | |
---|---|
Diphthongs: |
For more details see vowel_mappings.
The set of dedicated vowel letters used for Kayah is:
No consonants are used alone to represent a vowel, but the following are used in multipart vowels (see compositeV).
The set of combining marks used for vowels is:
All but 4 basic vowels in Kayah are represented by multipart vowels made up of a base character and a combining mark. Most of the diphthongs are represented in the same way. Two diphthongs are represented by a combination of letters. Here is the full set.
Vowels may also be mixed with ꤟ to produce breathiness (see breathiness). (The last item in the list above is a special case of that.) All vowels may also be associated with a tone mark (see tones).
There appear to be no special mechanisms for dealing with standalone vowels. A written vowel is simply placed where needed.
ꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤬ꤢ꤬ꤚꤢ
ꤥ꤬ꤗꤛꤢꤩ
ꤢꤟꤌꤣꤢꤛꤢ
Observation: The Wiktionary entries sometimes show a glottal stop before a standalone vowel, and sometimes do not. See the examples just above.
Observation: The IPA transcriptions for some words found in the Learning Kayah PDF have silent initial vowels, eg. ꤢꤛꤢ꤭ꤞꤤ꤭.
Apart from the diphthong mentioned earlier, breathiness of vowels is indicated by immediately preceding the vowel with ꤟ [U+A91F KAYAH LI LETTER HA].
ꤍꤟꤥ
However, when ꤛ [U+A91B KAYAH LI LETTER YA] is the second or third consonant in a cluster, the HA is written before the YA,h eg. ꤡꤟꤛꤢ
There appears to be no phonemic distinction in vowel length, and no way to mark different lengths in the orthography.
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Observation: Different sources describe Kayah tones slightly differently, and this is an attempt to synthesise them.
Kayah Li has four tones, although the high tone is rarely seen. Each syllable is marked for tone, unless it has the mid-high tone. They are written as follows:
low | ˨ | ¹ | ꤬ [U+A92C KAYAH LI TONE CALYA] |
---|---|---|---|
mid | ˧ | ³ | ꤭ [U+A92D KAYAH LI TONE CALYA PLOPHU] |
mid-high | ˦ | - | not written |
high | ˥ | ² | ꤫ [U+A92B KAYAH LI TONE PLOPHU] |
The tone marks all combine below the base (whereas vowel diacritics combine above). Examples:r ꤞꤢꤨ꤬ ꤞꤢꤨ꤭ ꤞꤢꤨ
The tone mark is normally written as the last component of a syllable, ie. after the vowel.e (Some fonts will correctly display the sequence vowel_base+tone+vowel_diacritic, but in that case the application must be relied upon to treat both orders the same for comparisons.)
See also encoding.
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This section maps Kayah vowel sounds to common graphemes in the Kayah Li orthography,. Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.
Sounds listed as 'infrequent' are allophones, or sounds used for foreign words, etc.
ꤛꤣ [U+A91B KAYAH LI LETTER YA + U+A923 KAYAH LI LETTER OE] (not breathy)
ꤟꤌꤣ [U+A91F KAYAH LI LETTER HA + U+A90C KAYAH LI LETTER GA + U+A923 KAYAH LI LETTER OE] (breathy)
The following table summarises the main consonant to character assigments.
All: |
---|
For more details see consonant_mappings.
ꤌ [U+A90C KAYAH LI LETTER GA] is only normally found as part of the breathy diphthong ɯ̤ə,h though Helgerson says it may be used as in loan words, eg. ꤥ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ
ꤎ [U+A90E KAYAH LI LETTER SA] is also mainly used for loan words,h eg. ꤕꤢꤎꤕꤥ
The sound x doesn't have a dedicated letter, but is an allophone of hɯ̤,r,127 eg. ꤟꤌꤣ꤭
ꤏ [U+A90F KAYAH LI LETTER SHA], usually sʰ, is pronounced ʃ before j or i, eg. ꤏꤛꤢꤩ ꤓꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤏꤤ꤭ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩ
Kayah onsets include medial consonants -j- and -w-. When breathiness is introduced to the mix some combinations are a little special.
This list of permutations is from Helgerson.h
Examples:
ꤏꤛꤢꤩ꤬ꤊꤜꤥ꤭
ꤏꤤ꤬ꤜꤤ꤬ꤕꤜꤝꤥ꤭
Breathy vowels add another consonant, ꤟ [U+A91F KAYAH LI LETTER HA], to these groups. It usually occurs immediately after the cluster, eg.
ꤗꤝꤟꤤ꤭
ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ꤬ꤕꤜꤟꤢꤧ
But when the cluster contains j in second or third position it occurs before that,h eg.
ꤢ꤬ꤕꤟꤛꤢ
ꤞꤥ꤬ꤕꤜꤟꤛꤢꤩ꤬
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The consonant clusters in Kayah are all syllable-initial. See onsets.
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This section maps Kayah consonant sounds to common graphemes in the Kayah Li orthography. Click on a grapheme to find other mentions on this page (links appear at the bottom of the page). Click on the character name to see examples and for detailed descriptions of the character(s) shown.
Sounds listed as 'infrequent' are allophones, or sounds used for foreign words, etc.
Visually, two diacritics look as it they could be composed of smaller parts. This section gives guidance on which approach is best.
It is possible that someone may occasionally try to use 2 characters rather than the single character which is canonical. Doing so produces text that will not match correctly encoded text for search, spell-checking, and so on, and so should be avoided. The list below shows the characters in question.
Use | Do not use |
---|---|
ꤪ [U+A92A KAYAH LI VOWEL O] | ꤦꤩ [U+A926 KAYAH LI VOWEL UE + U+A929 KAYAH LI VOWEL EE] |
꤭ [U+A92D KAYAH LI TONE CALYA PLOPHU] | ꤫꤬ [U+A92B KAYAH LI TONE PLOPHU + U+A92C KAYAH LI TONE CALYA] |
This also reflects usage in didactic materials produced by the Kayah Li user community.u
Kayah Li has a set of native digits
Kayah Li text runs left to right in horizontal lines.
Show default bidi_class
properties for characters in the Kayah language.
Experiment with examples using the Kayah Li character app.
Kayah letters don't interact with each other, so no special shaping is needed for that.
Base characters may carry one or two combining marks, and the font needs to correctly shape and position these relative to the base. However, if there are two combining marks, one will appear above and the other below the base, so they won't interfere with each other.
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Words are separated by spaces.
Kayah punctuation is mostly ASCII, however ꤯ [U+A92F KAYAH LI SIGN SHYA] is used as a phrase/sentence delimiter.u
phrase |
, [U+002C COMMA] ; [U+003B SEMICOLON] : [U+003A COLON] |
---|---|
sentence |
Kayah commonly uses ASCII parentheses to insert parenthetical information into text.
start | end | |
---|---|---|
standard |
Kayah texts use quotation marks. Of course, due to keyboard design, quotations may also be surrounded by ASCII double and single quote marks.
start | end | |
---|---|---|
initial | ” [U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK] |
꤮ [U+A92E KAYAH LI SIGN CWI] indicates extended intonation,e,2 eg. ꤊꤢ꤬ꤔꤟꤥ꤮ ꤒꤥ꤬
Lines are mostly broken at inter-word spaces.e,2
Show default line-breaking properties for characters in the Kayah language.
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Kayah uses the so-called 'alphabetic' baseline, which is the same as for Latin and many other scripts.