ꦀ
Only used in the syllable om. Nasalises the vowel (like candrabindu).
`, '\u{A981}': `ꦁ
ŋ at the end of a syllable, eg. ꦥꦼꦠꦼꦁ
`, '\u{A982}': `ꦂ
r at the end of a syllable, eg. ꦥꦼꦫꦲꦸꦭꦪꦂ
In searching operations, this should be equivalent to ꦫ [U+A9AB JAVANESE LETTER RA] , so that word-forms like ꦢꦲꦂ and ꦢꦲꦫ will be found together.
`, '\u{A983}': `ꦃ
h at the end of a syllable, eg ꦱꦼꦏꦺꦴꦭꦃ
In searching operations, this should be equivalent to ꦲ [U+A9B2 JAVANESE LETTER HA] , so that word-forms like ꦒꦧꦃ and ꦒꦧꦲꦺ will be found together.
`, '\u{A984}': `Everson describes a long version of this vowel using ◌ꦴ [U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG], ie. ꦄꦴ ā
It isn't used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A985}': `Where pre-modern Javanese uses ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I], and if a long vowel is needed ꦇ [U+A987 JAVANESE LETTER II], Kawi uses ꦅ [U+A985 JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI] and ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I] for short and long, respectively.1
`, '\u{A986}': `Where pre-modern Javanese uses ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I], and if a long vowel is needed ꦇ [U+A987 JAVANESE LETTER II], Kawi uses ꦅ [U+A985 JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI] and ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I] for short and long, respectively.1
`, '\u{A987}': `Used to differentiate proper nouns or foreign words from ordinary words.
Where pre-modern Javanese uses ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I], and if a long vowel is needed ꦇ [U+A987 JAVANESE LETTER II], Kawi uses ꦅ [U+A985 JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI] and ꦆ [U+A986 JAVANESE LETTER I] for short and long, respectively.1
`, '\u{A988}': `ꦈ
Everson describes a long version of this vowel using ◌ꦴ [U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG], ie. ꦈꦴ ū
It isn't used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A989}': `ꦉ
`, '\u{A98A}': `In the early version of the script this represented the Sanskrit l̪. In later developments it came to replace ꦫꦼ
The long version of this letter is ꦋ [U+A98B JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET RASWADI].
`, '\u{A98B}': `lɤ Treated as a consonant in Javanese, this has a subjoined (pasangan) form, however it doesn't carry vowel signs.
In the early version of the script this represented the Sanskrit l̪:. In later developments it came to replace ꦭꦼꦴ
The short version of this letter is ꦊ [U+A98A JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET]
`, '\u{A98C}': `ꦌ
This letter is used to differentiate proper nouns or foreign words from ordinary words. Normally a dependent vowel is used, instead.
`, '\u{A98D}': `ꦍ
It doesn't appear to be used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A98E}': `Everson describes another vowel using this letter plus ◌ꦴ [U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG], ie. ꦎꦴ au
`, '\u{A98F}': `ꦏ
k eg. ꦏꦕ ꦏꦿꦸꦥꦸꦏ꧀
Combinations
xa is <ꦏ꦳ [U+A98F JAVANESE LETTER KA + U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], used to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦏ꦳
`, '\u{A990}': `ꦐ
Used for transliteration of the sound q from the Sasak language.
`, '\u{A991}': `ꦑ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A992}': `ꦒ
ɣa when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦒ꦳
`, '\u{A993}': `ꦓ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A994}': `ꦔ
ʔa when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦔ꦳
`, '\u{A995}': `ꦕ
`, '\u{A996}': `ꦖ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details. It is only found in non-initial positions as a subjoined consonant.
`, '\u{A997}': `ꦗ
za when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦗ꦳
`, '\u{A998}': `This was originally ꦗ꧀ꦚ ʤ͓ɲ
But later it developed into a single letter.
`, '\u{A999}': `In old Javanese this was an aspirated consonant.
`, '\u{A99A}': `ꦚ
`, '\u{A99B}': `ꦛ
`, '\u{A99C}': `In old Javanese this was an aspirated consonant.
`, '\u{A99D}': `ꦝ
`, '\u{A99E}': `In old Javanese this was an aspirated consonant.
`, '\u{A99F}': `Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A9A0}': `ꦠ
`, '\u{A9A1}': `ꦡ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
A rare rekan usage, with other characters, represents the Chinese sound the, ie. ꦡ͜ꦌ̈
`, '\u{A9A2}': `ꦢ
ða when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦢ꦳
`, '\u{A9A3}': `ꦣ
eg. ꦣꦂꦩ. Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A9A4}': `ꦤ
A rare rekan usage, with other characters, represents the Chinese sound nie, ie. ꦤ͜ꦌ̈
`, '\u{A9A5}': `ꦥ
Rather than a subjoined form, this letter has a conjoined form.
fa when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦥ꦳
`, '\u{A9A6}': `ꦦ
Rather than a subjoined form, this letter has a conjoined form.
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A9A7}': `ꦧ
`, '\u{A9A8}': `ꦨ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
`, '\u{A9A9}': `ꦩ
Rather than a subjoined form, this letter has a conjoined form.
rə, eg. ꦲꦸꦧꦶꦉꦧꦸꦱ꧀. Treated as a consonant in Javanese, this has a conjoint (pasangan) form, eg. ꦒꦼꦭꦱ꧀ꦉꦱꦶꦏ꧀, however it doesn't carry vowel signs.
In the early version of the script this represented the Sanskrit ɽ. In later developments it came to replace ꦭꦼ
There is no separate long version of this letter. To create it you need to use ꦉ + ◌ꦴ [U+A989 JAVANESE LETTER PA CEREK + U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG]
`, '\u{A9AA}': `ꦪ
A rare rekan usage, with other characters, represents the Chinese sound yo, ie. ꦪ꦳ꦺꦴ
`, '\u{A9AB}': `ꦫ
`, '\u{A9AC}': `ꦬ
Used historically by some writers to address royal figures.
`, '\u{A9AD}': `ꦭ
l eg. ꦭꦫ ꦲꦔꦺꦭ꧀
`, '\u{A9AE}': `ꦮ
`, '\u{A9AF}': `ꦯ
Used for honorifics. See the script summary for details.
A rare rekan usage, with other characters, represents the Chinese sound se, ie. ꦯ͜ꦌ̈. Another represents the Chinese syo, ie. ꦯ꦳ꦾꦺꦴ
`, '\u{A9B0}': `In old Javanese this was an aspirated consonant.
`, '\u{A9B1}': `ꦱ
Rather than a subjoined form, this letter has a conjoined form.
ʃa when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦱ꦳
`, '\u{A9B2}': `ꦲ
Rather than a subjoined form, this letter has a conjoined form.
ha, hɔ when used as a consonant.
a, ∅ This letter is also used as the normal way to show independent vowels, in which case it is pronounced a when the inherent vowel is used, and unpronounced if any other vowel is used, eg. ꦲꦪꦸ
Does this imply that ha and a are written the same way? Or that h is never really pronounced?
ħa when used as a rekan with ◌꦳ [U+A9B3 JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU], to represent foreign sounds, ie. ꦥ꧀ꦲ꦳
A rare rekan usage, with other characters, represents the Chinese sound hwe, ie. ꦲ꧀ꦮꦌ̈
`, '\u{A9B3}': `꦳
Used with consonants to represent foriegn sounds (typically sounds of Arabic).
`, '\u{A9B4}': `aː when used alone for Sundanese (but not Javanese), eg. ꦲꦴ ā
Also a length mark, for example the long equivalent of ꦉ [U+A989 JAVANESE LETTER PA CEREK] is ꦉꦴ
`, '\u{A9B5}': `A glyph variant of ꦴ [U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG].
Everson lists two sounds associated with this symbol: eu when combined with ◌ꦼ [U+A9BC JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET], ie. ꦲꦼꦵ
And o when used alone, ie. ꦲꦵ
`, '\u{A9B6}': ` `, '\u{A9B7}': `i Not used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A9B8}': ` `, '\u{A9B9}': `u Not used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A9BA}': ` `, '\u{A9BB}': `ai (not used in modern Javanese)
The corresponding independent vowel letter is ꦍ [U+A98D JAVANESE LETTER AI].
Combinations
au (not used in modern Javanese) is ꦻꦴ [U+A9BB JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN DIRGA MURE + U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG].
The corresponding independent vowel letter is the digraph ꦎꦴ [U+A98E JAVANESE LETTER O + U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG].
`, '\u{A9BC}': `Everson describes a composite ꦼꦴ [U+A9BC JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET + U+A9B4 JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG], ie. ꦲꦼꦴ eu
It doesn't appear to be used in modern Javanese.
`, '\u{A9BD}': ` `, '\u{A9BE}': `ꦾ
Used to indicate a second consonant at the start of a syllable, eg. ꦏꦾꦲꦶꦏꦤ꧀ꦗꦼꦁ ky̆hikn͓ʤəŋ̽ (kyai kanjeng)
It's not always clear from a Latin transcription when this is used rather than the letter nya, eg. ꦭꦠꦲꦤ꧀ꦚꦚꦶ
`, '\u{A9BF}': `ꦿ
Used to indicate a second consonant at the start of a syllable, eg. ꦥꦿꦩꦸꦏ
`, '\u{A9C0}': `꧀
Usually only visible at the end of a sentence or piece of text, where it suppresses the inherent vowel of the preceding consonant, eg. ꦏꦿꦸꦥꦸꦏ꧀.
Between words this character is not usually visible, but it changes the following consonant's glyph shape and/or produces a subjoined consonant to indicate that there is no intervening vowel.
Occasionally this may appear in the middle of a word, eg. ꦧꦶꦱ꧀ꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦗꦏꦂꦠ. It's not clear from the Unicode Standard how to achieve this, however a zero width space works, and so does a zero width non-joiner.
`, '\u{A9C1}': `꧁
Used around a title. Paired with ꧂ [U+A9C2 JAVANESE RIGHT RERENGGAN]
`, '\u{A9C2}': `꧂
Used around a title. Paired with ꧁ [U+A9C1 JAVANESE LEFT RERENGGAN]
`, '\u{A9C3}': `꧃
Used to introduce a letter to a person of younger age or lower rank. The difference between this and ꧅ [U+A9C5 JAVANESE PADA LUHUR] and ꧄ [U+A9C4 JAVANESE PADA MADYA] is the length of the left-most swash.
`, '\u{A9C4}': `Used to introduce a letter to a person of equal age or rank. The difference between this and ꧅ [U+A9C5 JAVANESE PADA LUHUR] and ꧃ [U+A9C3 JAVANESE PADA ANDAP] is the length of the left-most swash.
`, '\u{A9C5}': `꧅
Used to introduce a letter to a person of older age or higher rank. The difference between this and ꧄ [U+A9C4 JAVANESE PADA MADYA] and ꧃ [U+A9C3 JAVANESE PADA ANDAP] is the length of the left-most swash.
This is also used for several other combinations of characters associated with poetry: ꧅ꦧ꧀ꦖ꧅ or ꧅ꦧ꧀ꦕ꧅ (purwapada) introduces a poem; ꧅ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ꧅ (madyapada) introduces a new song within a poem; and ꧅ꦆ꧅ (wasanapada) indicates the end of a poem.
`, '\u{A9C6}': `꧆
This is only used alongside other punctuation marks.
With ꧋ [U+A9CB JAVANESE PADA ADEG ADEG] to make ꧋꧆꧋ (pada guru), which introduces a letter without age or rank distinction.
With ꧉ [U+A9C9 JAVANESE PADA LUNGSI] it is used to make ꧉꧆꧉ (pada pancak), which ends a letter.
`, '\u{A9C7}': `꧇
Colon equivalent, or number indicator.
It is used as a number indicator because many of the digits in Javanese are identical to other letters. The pada pangkat is used on either side of a number to indicate that these are digits, eg. ꦱꦼꦭꦱ꧇꧑꧙꧇ꦩꦉꦠ꧀꧇꧒꧐꧑꧓꧇
`, '\u{A9C8}': `According to Everson this is used for acronyms, eg. ꧈ꦢꦺ꧈ꦲ꧈ꦌꦭ꧀꧈ DHL
`, '\u{A9C9}': `꧉
Equivalent to a full stop.
It is also used with ꧆ [U+A9C6 JAVANESE PADA WINDU] to make ꧉꧆꧉ (pada pancak), which ends a letter.
This combination may also involve just ꧆꧉, or may be repeated with spaces between to fill the line, eg. ꧉ ꧆ ꧉ ꧆ ꧉ ꧆ ꧉ .4
`, '\u{A9CA}': `꧊
Used as parentheses or quotation marks.
`, '\u{A9CB}': `꧋
Used to introduce a paragraph or section.
This is also used with ꧆ [U+A9C6 JAVANESE PADA WINDU] to make ꧋꧆꧋ (pada guru), which introduces a letter without age or rank distinction.
`, '\u{A9CC}': `꧌
Used for parentheses or quotation marks. Paired with ꧍ [U+A9CD JAVANESE TURNED PADA PISELEH]
`, '\u{A9CD}': `꧍
Used for parentheses or quotation marks. Paired with ꧌ [U+A9CC JAVANESE PADA PISELEH]
`, '\u{A9CF}': `ꧏ
Iteration mark, eg. ꦧꦸꦏꦸꧏ. It can be transcribed as buku2
Derived from the Arabic digit ٢ [U+0662 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO]
`, '\u{A9D0}': `꧐
`, '\u{A9D1}': `꧑
`, '\u{A9D2}': `꧒
`, '\u{A9D3}': `꧓
`, '\u{A9D4}': `꧔
`, '\u{A9D5}': `꧕
`, '\u{A9D6}': `꧖
`, '\u{A9D7}': `꧗
`, '\u{A9D8}': `꧘
`, '\u{A9D9}': `꧙
`, '\u{A9DE}': `꧞
Wikipedia explains that this mark is used in handwriting to indicate a correction in Yogyakarta, eg. where a scribe wanted to write pada luhur but actually wrote pada wu.. they would use this mark as follows: ꦥꦢꦮꦸ꧞꧞꧞ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ
In Surakarta they would use the character ꧟ [U+A9DF JAVANESE PADA ISEN-ISEN] instead.
`, '\u{A9DF}': `꧟
Wikipedia explains that this mark is used in handwriting to indicate a correction in Yogyakarta, eg. where a scribe wanted to write pada luhur but actually wrote pada wu.. they would use this mark as follows: ꦥꦢꦮꦸ꧟꧟꧟ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ
In Yogyakarta they would use the character ꧞ [U+A9DE JAVANESE PADA TIRTA TUMETES] instead.
`, }