܀
`, '\u{0701}': `܁
`, '\u{0702}': `܂
`, '\u{0703}': `܃
`, '\u{0704}': `܄
`, '\u{0705}': `܅
`, '\u{0706}': `܆
An alternative comma.
`, '\u{0707}': `܇
An alternative semicolon.
`, '\u{0708}': `܈
`, '\u{0709}': `܉
`, '\u{070A}': `܊
`, '\u{070B}': `܋
`, '\u{070C}': `܌
`, '\u{070D}': `܍
`, '\u{070F}': `
`, '\u{0710}': `ܐ
∅ where it occurs at the start or end of a word, in conjunction with other vowel diacritics.
All word-initial vowels are written using the normal diacritic or mater lectionis preceded by a silent olafa,#2.4?content-fragment-id=1750.
ܐܝܠܷܢ
ܐܰܕܡܐ
ܐܷܫܘܷܛ
o as mater lectionis when it appears at the end of a word without a preceding vowela,#2.4?content-fragment-id=1750.
ܥܰܣܪܐ
ܐܰܠܦܐ
It also appears silently, after the appropriate vowel diacritic, at the end of words that end in a or ea,#2.4?content-fragment-id=1750
ܒܳܬܶܐ
ܐܰܚܢܰܐ
Olaf only appears in the middle of a word in occasional loan words, eg. ܒܰܐܪ in ܓܷܕ ܐܷܙܙܰܢܐ ܠܘ ܒܰܐܪ ܕܫܳܬܝܢܰܐ.so,7
Shaping
Only connects on the right-hand side.
A special shape is used for the combination ܐܠـ [U+0710 SYRIAC LETTER ALAPH + U+0720 SYRIAC LETTER LAMADH] when it joins to the left.
ܐܠܦܐ
`, '\u{0711}': `ܑ
`, '\u{0712}': `ܒ
b (a 'hard' consonant) by default.
ܒܰܪܬ݂ܳܐ
ܒܰܒܐ
Combinations
ܒ݂
ܒ݂ [U+0712 SYRIAC LETTER BETH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is v (a 'soft' consonant).
ܒ݂ܝܠܠܰܐ
ܬܶܠܶܒ݂ܝܙܝܳܢ
Words that in Syriac are written using ܒ݂ tend to be written in Turoyo using ܘ [U+0718 SYRIAC LETTER WAW]a,#1?content-fragment-id=1736, eg. compare
ܕܰܗܒ݂ܐ dȧhb‐̣ʾ dahḇo gold
ܕܰܗܘܐ
`, '\u{0713}': `ܓ
g (a 'hard' consonant)a,#2?content-fragment-id=1746.
ܓܘܫܡܳܐ
ܣܘܪܓܳܕ݂ܳܐ
Combinations
ܓ݂
ܓ݂ [U+0713 SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is ɣ (a 'soft' consonant)a,#2?content-fragment-id=1746.
ܓ݂ܰܠܛܐ
ܛܰܓ݂ܢܳܐ
Note: The IPA ɣ appears in various sources, including the one entry in Wiktionary, however the Šhlomo Surayt courseso describes it in terms of the German 'drei', and French 'Paris', which would actually be ʁ.
(For d͡ʒ see ܔ [U+0714 SYRIAC LETTER GAMAL GARSHUNI].)
`, '\u{0714}': `ܔ
d͡ʒ In Turoyo this is an ordinary letter of the alphabet.
ܔܰܙܘܶܐ
ܔܷܪܔܐ
`, '\u{0715}': `ܕ
d (a 'hard' consonant)a,#2?content-fragment-id=1746.
ܕܰܩܩܰܐ ܐܰܕܡܐCombinations
ܕ݂
ܕ݂ [U+0715 SYRIAC LETTER DALATH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is ð (a 'soft' consonant)a,#2?content-fragment-id=1746.
ܐܳܕ݂ܰܪ
ܚܕ݂ܐ
`, '\u{0716}': `ܖ
`, '\u{0717}': `ܗ
ha,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܗܰܬ݂ܶܐ
ܕܰܗܘܐ
∅ when used as a grammatical indicator at the end of a word after e or a when it represents a personal ending or pronominal suffix, eg. ܓܪܷܫܠܶܗ ܓܪܷܫܠܰܗ ܒܰܒܶܗ ܒܰܒܰܗ
Shaping
Joins only on the right.
`, '\u{0718}': `ܘ
w as a consonant.
ܘܰܥܕܐ
ܐܷܫܘܷܛ
Also used without a vowel diacritic for the diphthong aw.
ܝܰܘܡܳܐIt can also appear without a diacritic when a word ends in o.
ܚܰܠܘܐ
u as mater lectionis. Note that no vowel diacritic is used.
ܓܘܫܡܳܐ ܐܰܪܢܘܘܳܐܗܰܬܘ
Shaping
Only connects on the right side.
`, '\u{0719}': `ܙ
za,#2?content-fragment-id=1746
ܙܰܒܢܐ
ܔܰܙܘܶܐ
ܬܰܡܷܙ
Combinations
ܙ̰
ܙ̰ [U+0719 SYRIAC LETTER ZAIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] is ʒ. The diacritic is called maǧlīyānā.
ܙ̰ܱܒܰܫܶܐ
Shaping
Only joins on right side.
`, '\u{071A}': `ܚ
ħa,#2?content-fragment-id=1746
ܚܰܒܘܫܳܐ
ܠܰܚܡܳܐ
ܝܰܪܚܳܐ
`, '\u{071B}': `ܛ
tˤa,#2?content-fragment-id=1746
ܛܰܓ݂ܢܳܐ
ܩܰܝܛܳܐ
ܐܷܫܘܷܛ
`, '\u{071C}': `ܜ
`, '\u{071D}': `ܝ
j as a consonant
ܝܰܪܚܳܐ
ܒ̣ܝܝܰܢܰܐ
ܣܷܣܝܐ
Also j in the diphthong aj (follows a vowel diacritic, but has no vowel itself).
ܐܰܝܕܰܪܒܐ
i as mater lectionis. No vowel diacritic is used.
ܐܝـܝܰܪ
ܢܝܣܷܢ
ܬܡܳܢܝ
ܬܠܶܬ݂ܝ
It can also appear without a diacritic when a word ends in o, eg. ܐܰܕܠܰܠܝܐ
`, '\u{071E}': `ܞ
`, '\u{071F}': `ܟ
k (a 'hard' consonant).
ܟܰܠܒܳܐ
ܡܰܠܟܘܬ݂ܐ
ܗܰܢܷܟ
Combinations
ܟ݂
ܟ݂ [U+071F SYRIAC LETTER KAPH + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is x (x) (a 'soft' consonant).
ܟ݂ܰܒܪܐ
ܛܷܒܒܰܟ݂
`, '\u{0720}': `ܠ
la,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܠܰܚܡܳܐ
ܐܠܦܐ
ܟܰܠܒܳܐ
ܦܪܳܣܩܳܠܳܐ
ܐܰܬ݂ܡܷܠ
Shaping
Special forms for this letter or other letters alongside it include the following. Examples of most can be seen in the words listed above.
ܡ
m
ܡܰܬ݂ܶܐ
ܩܡܶܣܬܳܐ
ܬܡܳܢܝ
Shaping
When isolated, this letter is usually shown as initial+final form, ie. ܡܡ m
`, '\u{0722}': `ܢ
n
ܢܝܣܷܢ
ܬܡܰܢܝܐ
ܚܙܝܪܷܢ
Shaping
When isolated, this letter is usually shown as initial+final form, ie. ܢܢ n
`, '\u{0723}': `ܣ
sa,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܣܷܣܝܐ
ܦܪܳܣܩܳܠܳܐ
`, '\u{0724}': `ܤ
`, '\u{0725}': `ܥ
ʕa,#2?content-fragment-id=1746
ܥܷܣܪܝ
ܫܳܥܬ݂ܳܐ
ܪܰܒܷܥ
`, '\u{0726}': `ܦ
f (soft) by default.
ܦܪܳܣܩܳܠܳܐ
ܪܦܳܦܳܐ
Combinations
ܦ݁ [U+0726 SYRIAC LETTER PE + U+0741 SYRIAC QUSHSHAYA] is p (hard form).
ܦ݁ܠܰܢ
`, '\u{0727}': `ܧ
`, '\u{0728}': `ܨ
sˤa,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܨܰܢܝـܝܶܐ ܥܰܨܪܝـܝܶܐShaping
Connects only on the right side.
`, '\u{0729}': `ܩ
qa,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܩܡܶܣܬܳܐ
ܕܰܩܩܰܐ
`, '\u{072A}': `ܪ
ra,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܪܰܒܷܥ
ܨܰܦ݂ܪܳܐ
ܬܪܰܥܣܰܪ
Shaping
Connects only on the right side.
`, '\u{072B}': `ܫ
ʃa,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܫܰܒܬ݂ܳܐ
ܚܰܡܫܐ
ܗܶܫ
Combinations
ܫ̰
ܫ̰ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] is t͡ʃa,#1?content-fragment-id=1736. The diacritic is called maǧlīyānā.
ܫ̰ܰܢܛܰܐ
`, '\u{072C}': `ܬ
t (a 'hard' consonant).
ܬܠܳܬ݂ܐ
ܫܰܬܳܐ
ܗܰܬ
Combinations
ܬ݂
ܬ݂ [U+072C SYRIAC LETTER TAW + U+0742 SYRIAC RUKKAKHA] is θ (a 'soft' consonant).
ܚܳܬ݂ܳܐ
ܒܰܪܬ݂ܳܐ
ܐܰܬ݂ܬܐ
Shaping
Joins only to the right.
`, '\u{072D}': `ܭ
`, '\u{072E}': `ܮ
`, '\u{072F}': `ܯ
`, '\u{0730}': `ܰ
aa,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܐܰܒܪܳܐ
ܕܰܩܩܰܐ
The vowel can be indicated either above or below the consonant. To make it appear below the consonant use ܱ [U+0731 SYRIAC PTHAHA BELOW].
`, '\u{0731}': `ܱ
aa,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܓ݂ܱܠܱܒܶܐ
ܙ̰ܱܒܰܫܶܐThe vowel can be indicated either above or below the consonant. To make it appear above the consonant use ܰ [U+0730 SYRIAC PTHAHA ABOVE].
`, '\u{0732}': `ܲ
`, '\u{0733}': `ܳ
ɒa,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748 or o
ܐܳܢܳܐ
ܚܳܬ݂ܳܐ
`, '\u{0734}': `ܴ
`, '\u{0735}': `ܵ
`, '\u{0736}': `ܶ
ea,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܐܶܡܐ
ܦܶܡܳܐ
ܗܷܢܢܶܐ
`, '\u{0737}': `ܷ
əa,#2.2?content-fragment-id=1748
ܐܷܫܘܷܛ
ܐܝܠܷܢ
`, '\u{0738}': `ܸ
`, '\u{0739}': `ܹ
`, '\u{073A}': `ܺ
`, '\u{073B}': `ܻ
`, '\u{073C}': `ܼ
`, '\u{073D}': `ܽ
`, '\u{073E}': `ܾ
`, '\u{073F}': `ܿ
`, '\u{0740}': `݀
`, '\u{0741}': `݁
In the standardised orthography of 2017, this character is only used for ܦ݁ f‐̇ p, since the default (dotless) sound of the consonant produces f.a,#1?content-fragment-id=1736
ܦ݁ܠܰܢ
`, '\u{0742}': `݂
In the standardised orthography of 2017, combinations of this character and base characters are treated as letters of the alphabet. It is used to produce the following soundsa,#1.3?content-fragment-id=1739: ܒ݂ v ܬ݂ θ ܕ݂ ð ܟ݂ x ܓ݂ ɣ
`, '\u{0743}': `݃
`, '\u{0744}': `݄
`, '\u{0745}': `݅
Used in Turoyo for letters not found in Syriac, eg. ܐ݅ ܦܪܥܓܬܐ
`, '\u{0746}': `݆
Used in Turoyo for letters not found in Syriac, eg. ܔ݆ܰܥܓܰܗ̈
`, '\u{0747}': `݇
`, '\u{0748}': `݈
`, '\u{0749}': `݉
`, '\u{074A}': `݊
`, '\u{074D}': `ݍ
`, '\u{074E}': `ݎ
`, '\u{074F}': `ݏ
`, '\u{0304}': ` `, '\u{0307}': ` `, '\u{0308}': ` `, '\u{0323}': ` `, '\u{0324}': ` `, '\u{0330}': `Used to represent sounds that are not found in Classical Syriac. This is called maǧliyana.
| t͡ʃ | ܫ̰ [U+072B SYRIAC LETTER SHIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] | ܫ̰ܰܢܛܰܐ |
| ʒ | ܙ̰ [U+0719 SYRIAC LETTER ZAIN + U+0330 COMBINING TILDE BELOW] | ܙ̰ܱܒܰܫܶܐ |
Used to stretch the baseline.
Observation: It is used in Wiktionary lemmas in the majority of cases where ܝ [U+071D SYRIAC LETTER YUDH] occurs twice in a row, eg. ܨܰܢܝـܝܶܐ ܐܝـܝܰܪ ܗܝـܝܰܐ. And nowhere else.
`, '\u{0028}': `(
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{0029}': `)
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{002E}': `.
Full stop.
`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `
Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ).
An invisible character, that prevents two adjacent letters forming a visual connection with each other when rendered. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has real-world applications.
It is used to interrupt the shaping of joining glyphs in cursive scripts, and also used to manage the visual interactions of glyphs in other scripts, eg. to prevent the formation of conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.
More details:
`, // zwj '\u{200D}': `
Zero-width joiner (ZWJ).
An invisible character, that permits a letter to form a cursive connection without a visible neighbour. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has some real-world applications.
Also used with complex scripts to manage the visual representation of glyphs that normally interact, eg. to form conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.
More details:
`, // LRM '\u{200E}': `An invisible character with strong LTR directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as LRM.
`, // RLM '\u{200F}': `An invisible character with strong RTL directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as RLM.
`, // LRE '\u{202A}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).
Use 2066 (LRI) rather than this character.
`, // RLE '\u{202B}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).
Use 2067 (RLI) rather than this character.
`, // PDF '\u{202C}': `Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 202A (LRE) or 202B (RLE).
Use 2069 (PDI) and its associated range starters rather than this character.
`, // LRI '\u{2066}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
This character should be used rather than 202A (LRE).
`, // RLI '\u{2067}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
This character should be used rather than 202B (RLE).
`, // FSI '\u{2068}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The base direction set is determined by that of the first strong directional character in the range. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
`, // PDI '\u{2069}': `Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 2066 (LRI), 2066 (RLI) or 2068 (FSI).
This character should be used rather than 202C (PDF).
`, }