ഀ
Anusvara. Used in certain Prakrit texts, where the ordinary anusvara indicates gemination of the following consonant.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D01}': `ഁ
A nasalisation marker for use with Sankrit texts. Not used in the contemporary orthography.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D02}': `ം
m usually, used at the end of a syllable.
ഹംസം
അളം
It may also represent another nasal sound.
സംഘം
`, '\u{0D03}': `
ഃ
ɦ final consonant.
അധഃപതനം
അന്തഃസ്രവവിജ്ഞാനീയം
May not be pronounced, in which case it is likely to lengthen the following consonant sound.
ദുഃഖം
അന്തഃപുരം
അന്തഃസത്ത
`, '\u{0D04}': `ഄ
`, '\u{0D05}': `അ
a independent vowel.
അകലെ
അഗ്നി
There is no corresponding dependent vowel, because this is the same sound as the inherent vowel.
`, '\u{0D06}': `ആ
aː independent vowel.
അയാൾ
ആണ്ട്
`, '\u{0D07}': `
ഇ
i independent vowel.
ഇല
ഇരിക്ക്
`, '\u{0D08}': `
ഈ
iː independent vowel.
ഈട്ടി
സിമേഈ
Combinations
Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence 0D07 0D57. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.
`, '\u{0D09}': `ഉ
u independent vowel.
ഉരുണ്ട
ഉണ്ണ്
`, '\u{0D0A}': `
ഊ
uː independent vowel.
ഊത
ഊഹം
Combinations
Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence 0D09 0D57. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.
`, '\u{0D0B}': `ഋ
`, '\u{0D0B}': `ഋ
rɨ vocalic independent vowel.
ഋഷി
ഋജു
`, '\u{0D0C}': `
ഌ
Rare. Used in one Sanskrit word only.
lɨ vocalic independent vowel.
`, '\u{0D0E}': `
എ
e independent vowel.
എങ്ങനെ
എവിടെ
`, '\u{0D0F}': `
ഏ
eː independent vowel.
ഏഴ്
ഏകദേശം
`, '\u{0D10}': `
ഐ
ai̯ independent vowel.
ഐക്യം
ഐങ്കോൺ
Combinations
Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence 0D0E 0D46. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.
`, '\u{0D12}': `ഒ
o independent vowel.
ഒട്ടൊക്കെ
ഒരൊറ്റ
Combinations
Content authors should use:
ഓ
oː independent vowel.
ഓടുക
ഓർമ്മ
Combinations
Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence 0D12 0D3E. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.
`, '\u{0D14}': `ഔ
au̯ independent vowel.
ഔഷധം
ഔചിത്യം
Combinations
Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence 0D12 0D57. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.
`, '\u{0D15}': `ക
k consonant with inherent vowel a.
കണക്ക്
അടിക്ക്
ഉക്രൈൻ
ɡ between vowels or after a nasal.
അകലെ
ചങ്ക്
`, '\u{0D16}': `ഖ
kʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഖനനം
മുഖേന
മുഖ്യ
ദുഃഖം
`, '\u{0D17}': `ഗ
ɡ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഗ്രാമ്പൂ
സ്വാഗതം
അഗ്നി
വർഗ്ഗം
`, '\u{0D18}': `
ഘ
ɡʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഘനം
നിഘണ്ടു
സംഘം
വ്യാഘ്രം
ഉദ്ഘാടനം
`, '\u{0D19}': `
ങ
ŋ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ങുതം
ചങ്ക്
ഞങ്ങൾ
`, '\u{0D1A}': `ച
t͡ʃ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ചലച്ചിത്രം
തടിച്ച
d͡ʒ between vowels or after a nasal.
അരചൻ
അഞ്ച്
`, '\u{0D1B}': `
ഛ
t͡ʃʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഛായ
അംഗവിഛേദനം
പിഞ്ഛിക
ഇച്ഛ
അച്ഛൻ
`, '\u{0D1C}': `
ജ
d͡ʒ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ജൂൺ
അനുജത്തി
അഞ്ജലി
അജ്ഞത
മജ്ജ
`, '\u{0D1D}': `ഝ
d͡ʒʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഝഷം
ഝരം
ഝൗലികം
`, '\u{0D1E}': `ഞ
ɲ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഞരമ്പ്
അഞ്ച്
അജ്ഞത
ഞാഞ്ഞൂൽ
`, '\u{0D1F}': `ട
ʈ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ടൗൺ
മഹാരാഷ്ട്ര
വട്ടം
ɖ between vowels or after a nasal.
അവിടെ
ആണ്ട്
`, '\u{0D20}': `ഠ
ʈʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഠിക്കാനം
മിഠായി
കണ്ഠ്യം
ശുണ്ഠി
ഷഷ്ഠ
`, '\u{0D21}': `ഡ
ɖ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഡിസംബർ
കന്നഡ
ഫ്രണ്ഡ്
ശഡ്ഡി
`, '\u{0D22}': `
ഢ
ɖʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഢമാനം
ഗാഢത
വിഡ്ഢി
`, '\u{0D23}': `
ണ
ɳ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ണത്താർ
അണലി
ഉരുണ്ട
ക്ണാപ്പൻ
കർണ്ണം
`, '\u{0D24}': `
ത
t̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.
തത്ത
ഔചിത്യം
ഒത്തിരി
d̪ between vowels or after a nasal.
കാത്
എന്ത്
`, '\u{0D25}': `ഥ
t̪ʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഥർവണം
ഗാഥം
പൃഥ്വി
`, '\u{0D26}': `ദ
d̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ദുഃഖം
പറുദീസ
വന്ദനം
ശ്രദ്ധ
റദ്ദ്
`, '\u{0D27}': `ധ
d̪ʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ധനം
അധരം
മധ്യം
`, '\u{0D28}': `ന
n̪~n consonant with inherent vowel a. Typically the former when associated with t̪ or d̪.
നനഞ്ഞ
പേന
ധന്വം
എന്ത്
The geminate form can be either, eg.
പന്നി
കന്നി
`, '\u{0D29}': `
ഩ
Archaic.
n consonant with inherent vowel a. Used in scholarly orthographies for transcribing the Malayalam language in a phonetically accurate way.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D2A}': `
പ
p consonant with inherent vowel a.
പകൽ
കൢപ്തം
ഉടുപ്പ്
b between vowels or after a nasal.
ലിപി
കമ്പ്
`, '\u{0D2B}': `ഫ
f consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഫലം
ആഫീസ്
ഫ്ലൈറ്റ്
ആഫ്രിക്ക
pʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
പ്ഫ
`, '\u{0D2C}': `
ബ
b consonant with inherent vowel a.
ബുദ്ധി
റബർ
നിശ്ശബ്ദം
റബ്ബർ
`, '\u{0D2D}': `ഭ
bʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഭാര്യ
അന്യഭാഷ
ലഭ്യം
`, '\u{0D2E}': `
മ
m consonant with inherent vowel a.
മടി
തമാശ
കൂമ്പ്
ഇല്ലായ്മ
നമ്മൾ
An m at the end of a syllable is commonly written with 0D02.
ഹംസം
`, '\u{0D2F}': `യ
j consonant with inherent vowel a.
യന്ത്രം
കയറ്
വ്യക്തി
അടയ്ക്ക
പെയ്യുക
`, '\u{0D30}': `ര
r̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.
രാവ്
ചോര
മഹാരാഷ്ട്ര
ഭാര്യ
ക്രൂര
`, '\u{0D31}': `
റ
r consonant with inherent vowel a.
റബർ
കുറച്ച്
ആറ്
Combinations
റ്റ
tt (geminated) is റ്റ in modern Malayalam texts.
മാറ്റം
പാറ്റ
Until the 1960s, the geminated tt was generally written using just two side-by-side RRA letters, although circumgraphs and pre-base vowel signs would span the digraph as if it were a single unit. For example:
പാററ
This is problematic in 2 ways:
because there is no virama creating a single typographic unit of the digraph, the decomposed form of circumgraphs has to be used, with parts of the vowel sign after each RRA letter, eg. click on the following word to see its composition.
മാറെറാലി
the digraph sometimes represents two separate consonants followed by vowel sounds, making the sequence ambiguous, eg.
ടെംപററി
ല
l consonant with inherent vowel a.
ലഭ്യം
ഇല
ഗുല്ഫം
ഫ്ലൈറ്റ്
നല്ല
`, '\u{0D33}': `ള
ɭ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ളോഹ
ഗുളിക
ജാള്യം
വെള്ളം
`, '\u{0D34}': `
ഴ
ɻ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഴോണർ
മിഴി
ആഴ്ച
`, '\u{0D35}': `
വ
ʋ consonant with inherent vowel a.
വവ്വാൽ
സംഭവം
ധന്വം
വ്യാഘ്രം
ഉർവ്വീജാനി
`, '\u{0D36}': `ശ
ɕ~ʃ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ശരി
തമാശ
ശ്രദ്ധ
നിശ്ശബ്ദം
`, '\u{0D37}': `ഷ
ʂ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഷഡ്പദം
അന്യഭാഷ
പക്ഷേ
കൃഷ്ണൻ
`, '\u{0D38}': `
സ
s consonant with inherent vowel a.
സംസാരം
കസേര
പറുദീസ
നമസ്തേ
ഉത്സവം
നഭസ്സ്
`, '\u{0D39}': `ഹ
ɦ consonant with inherent vowel a.
ഹാസ്യം
ആഹാരം
നിഹ്രാദം
`, '\u{0D3A}': `
ഺ
Archaic.
t consonant with inherent vowel a. Used in scholarly orthographies for transcribing the Malayalam language in a phonetically accurate way.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D3B}': `
഻
A specific form of virama found in historical texts, and used to indicate a pure consonant in a particular orthography. See also 0D3C. Not used in the contemporary orthography.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D3C}': `഼
A specific form of virama found in historical texts, and used to indicate a pure consonant in a particular orthography. See also 0D3B. Not used in the contemporary orthography.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D3D}': `ഽ
An avagraha for use with Sankrit texts. Not used in the contemporary orthography.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D3E}': `ാ
aː vowel sign.
അയാൾ
എല്ലാ
Encoding
In each of the following cases, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| oː | ൊ | 0D46 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
| ai̯ | ോ | 0D47 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
| oː | ഓ | 0D12 0D3E | Not canonically equivalent. |
ി
i vowel sign.
ഇരിക്കുക
കളി
`, '\u{0D40}': `
ീ
iː vowel sign.
നീണ്ട
തീ
`, '\u{0D41}': `
ു
u vowel sign.
ഉരുണ്ട
ഒരു
`, '\u{0D42}': `
ൂ
uː vowel sign.
മൂന്ന്
ഗ്രാമ്പൂ
`, '\u{0D43}': `
ൃ
rɨ vocalic vowel sign.
മൃഗം
വൃദ്ധൻ
ദൃശ്യം
മാതൃ
`, '\u{0D44}': `
ൄ
Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.1
`, '\u{0D46}': `െ
e vowel sign.
എങ്ങനെ
നേരെ
Appears to the left of the base consonant or conjunct, but should be typed after the consonant.
Encoding
In each of the following cases, the atomic character would normally be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| o | ൊ | 0D46 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
| au̯ | ൌ | 0D46 0D57 | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
| ai̯ | ഐ | 0D0E 0D46 | Not canonically equivalent. |
| ai̯ | ൈ | 0D46 0D46 | Not canonically equivalent. |
However, the decomposed sequence is needed when this sound follows ററ or ൻറ, when they need to be treated as an unbreakable unit.
`, '\u{0D47}': `േ
eː vowel sign.
നേരെ
പക്ഷേ
Appears to the left of the base consonant or conjunct, but should be typed after the consonant.
Encoding
In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| oː | ോ | 0D47 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
However, the decomposed sequence is needed when this sound follows ററ or ൻറ, when they need to be treated as an unbreakable unit.
`, '\u{0D48}': `ൈ
ai̯ vowel sign.
ചൈന
മുംബൈ
Appears to the left of the base consonant or conjunct, but should be typed after the consonant.
Encoding
In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| ai̯ | ൈ | 0D46 0D46 | Not canonically equivalent. |
ൊ
o vowel sign.
പൊടി
പ്ലൂട്ടൊ
The two parts appear on either side of the consonant or conjunct when displayed.
Encoding
In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| o | ൊ | 0D46 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
ോ
oː vowel sign.
എപ്പോൾ
ടുമാറ്റോ
The two parts appear on either side of the consonant or conjunct when displayed.
Encoding
In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| oː | ോ | 0D47 0D3E | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
ൌ
Archaic. Historic use only.
au̯ vowel sign.
The two parts appear on either side of the consonant when displayed. However, the modern way of writing the vowel sign eliminates the left hand side. You should use the separate code point 0D57 for that, but note that fonts may display this character using only the right-hand glyph. This leads to difficulty in clearly separating the use of these 2 code points.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| au̯ | ൌ | 0D47 0D57 | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. |
്
Functions as a normal indic virama to indicate conjuncts in consonant clusters, eg. ക്ഷ k͓ʂ ക്ക k͓k പ്പ p͓p
Another function, however, is to reduce vowel sounds, producing the sound known as 'half-u' or samvruthokaram, ie. ə~ɨ̆.
In traditional orthography this is produced using 0D41 with a virama above, eg.
പാലു്
In modern orthography it is produced using the chandrakkala above a vowel or a consonant, in which case it reduces the vowel or the inherent vowel to ə, eg.
നാക്ക്
എ്ന്നാ
ഐശീല്ം
Note that the first example in the previous paragraph uses the chandrakkala in both ways. The 2nd example shows the chandrakkala before the anusvara, which is normal.
`, '\u{0D4E}': `ൎ
Archaic. Used before the 1970s reform.
Repha.
`, '\u{0D4F}': `൏
Archaic.
Measure of rice.
`, '\u{0D54}': `ൔ
m Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.u,#G697705
`, '\u{0D55}': `ൕ
j Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.u,#G697705
`, '\u{0D56}': `ൖ
Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.u,#G697705
`, '\u{0D57}': `ൗ
au̯ vowel sign.
ടൗൺ
സ്റ്റൗ
Although this was originally an indicator of vowel length, it has been used for some time as the normal way to write the sound au̯.
Previously, that sound was represented by a vowel sign that surrounded the base character. If you want to use that form in your text you should use 0D4C, however the font may hide the left-hand part from display (as is the case here).
Encoding
In each of the following cases, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.
| IPA | Use | Don't use | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| au̯ | ൌ | 0D46 0D57 | Canonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text. | iː | ഈ | 0D07 0D57 | Not canonically equivalent. |
| uː | ഊ | 0D09 0D57 | Not canonically equivalent. |
| au̯ | ഔ | 0D12 0D57 | Not canonically equivalent. |
Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D59}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5A}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5B}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5C}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5D}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5E}': `Archaic.
Fraction.
`, '\u{0D5F}': `ൟ
Archaic. Represents an older form of the letter II.u16,#G697705
`, '\u{0D60}': `ൠ
Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.
rɨː vocalic independent vowel.
`, '\u{0D61}': `
ൡ
Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.
lɨː vocalic independent vowel.
`, '\u{0D62}': `
ൢ
Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.
lɨ vocalic vowel sign.
കൢപ്തം
`, '\u{0D63}': `
ൣ
Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.
lɨː vocalic vowel sign.
`, '\u{0D66}': `
൦
Infrequent.
0 digit.
`, '\u{0D67}': `൧
Infrequent.
1 digit.
`, '\u{0D68}': `൨
Infrequent.
2 digit.
`, '\u{0D69}': `൩
Infrequent.
3 digit.
`, '\u{0D6A}': `൪
Infrequent.
4 digit.
`, '\u{0D6B}': `൫
Infrequent.
5 digit.
`, '\u{0D6C}': `൬
Infrequent.
6 digit.
`, '\u{0D6D}': `൭
Infrequent.
7 digit.
`, '\u{0D6E}': `൮
Infrequent.
8 digit.
`, '\u{0D6F}': `൯
Infrequent.
9 digit.
`, '\u{0D70}': `൰
Archaic.
Number sign for 10.
`, '\u{0D71}': `൱
Archaic.
Number sign for 100.
`, '\u{0D72}': `൲
Archaic.
Number sign for 1,000.
`, '\u{0D73}': `൳
Archaic.
Fraction ¼.
`, '\u{0D74}': `൴
Archaic.
Fraction ½.
`, '\u{0D75}': `൵
Archaic.
Fraction ¾.
`, '\u{0D76}': `൶
Archaic.
Fraction 1/16.
`, '\u{0D77}': `൷
Archaic.
Fraction ⅛.
`, '\u{0D78}': `൸
Archaic.
Fraction 3/16.
`, '\u{0D79}': `൹
Can be used like the 'th' in English dates, but it use is fading in modern text.u,507
`, '\u{0D7A}': `ൺ
ɳ chillu consonant. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel. Usually word-final.
ജൂൺ
ബ്രിട്ടൺ
Can occur in word-medial position in alternative spellings, or in transliterations, eg.
കോൺക്രീറ്റ്
കൺഫ്യൂഷൻ
`, '\u{0D7B}': `
ൻ
n chillu consonant. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel. Usually word-final.
ഈറൻ
മീൻ
Can occur in word-medial position in alternative spellings, or in transliterations, eg.
ഒൻപത്
പെൻസിൽ
കോൺസെൻട്രേഷൻ
`, '\u{0D7C}': `ർ
r chillu consonant. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel. Common in word-medial position, as well as word-final.
ഇവർ
ഞായർ
അതിർത്തി
ഓർമ്മ
`, '\u{0D7D}': `ൽ
l chillu consonant. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel. Common in word-medial position, as well as word-final.
കടൽ
കാൽ
കാൽവിരൽ
നിൽക്കുക
`, '\u{0D7E}': `ൾ
ɭ chillu consonant. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel. Usually word-final, but also word-medial.
തിങ്കൾ
നമ്മൾ
ഉരുൾപൊട്ടൽ
അൾജീരിയ
`, '\u{0D7F}': `
ൿ
k chillu consonant. Rare. Used to indicate a consonant with a killed vowel.
`, // COMMON PUNCTUATION '\u{0964}': `
ൿ
Separates phrases in older texts.
`, '\u{0965}': `ൿ
Separates phrases in older texts.
`, '\u{200C}':`U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER (ZWNJ) placed after the chandrakkala can be used to force the production of a visible virama, rather than a conjunct form. For example, ക്ക [U+0D15 MALAYALAM LETTER KA + U+0D4D MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER + U+0D15 MALAYALAM LETTER KA] produces ക്ക, rather than ക്ക.
Uniquely to Malayalam, placing the ZWNJ before the chandrakkala is supposed to produce the modern 'open' form of the conjunct in fonts that would otherwise produce a traditional conjunct, eg. ക്ര [U+0D15 MALAYALAM LETTER KA + U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER + U+0D4D MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + U+0D30 MALAYALAM LETTER RA] should produce the form ക്ര.
`, '\u{200D}':`U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER (ZWJ) can be used before the chandrakkala to produce a traditional conjunct form in fonts that produce the open form by default but have the glyphs for the traditional forms too.
ZWJ used after the chandrakkala may produce a chillu form (eg. ക് [U+0D15 MALAYALAM LETTER KA + U+0D4D MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA + U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER]), but this approach is now deprecated in favour of using the chillu codepoints.
`, '\u{0021}': `!
Exclamation mark.
`, '\u{0028}': `(
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{0029}': `)
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{002C}': `,
Comma.
`, '\u{002E}': `.
Full stop.
`, '\u{003A}': `:
Colon.
`, '\u{003B}': `;
Semicolon.
`, '\u{003F}': `?
Question mark.
`, '\u{2018}': `‘
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{2019}': `’
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201C}': `“
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201D}': `”
Quotation mark.
`, }