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Malayalam block notes

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Information about 117 characters out of 118 in Unicode blocks associated with the Malayalam script.

Referencing this document

Ishida R, Malayalam Block Notes, 27-Dec-2024, https://r12a.github.io/scripts/mlym/block

 

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Phonological transcriptions should be treated as a guide, only. They are taken from the sources consulted, and may be narrow or broad, phonemic or phonetic, depending on what is available. They mostly represent pronunciation of words in isolation. For more detailed information about allophones, alternations, sandhi, dialectal differences, and so on, follow the links to cited references.

This is an interactive document. Click/tap on coloured examples to reveal detailed compositional information. If your browser supports it, your cursor will change to look like as you hover over these items.

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Character names. The names of characters in codepoint markup drop the initial MALAYALAM label (purely to reduce the length of the examples). In other places the full name can be found.

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Transcriptions & transliterations. Phonological transcriptions are surrounded by ⌈corner brackets⌋, to indicate that they vary between narrow, [phonetic] and broad, /phonemic/ transcriptions.
Latin transcriptions between <angle brackets>, represent the letters as commonly written in the Latin script.
A transliteration has also been developed especially for this orthography, and is generally based on the sound of a letter where possible, but where a letter has multiple pronunciations, the transliteration represents only one.
Transliterations provide perfect round-trip conversion between the native script and Latin, whereas Latin transcriptions rarely do.
When you click on an example to see its composition, the top of the panel that opens contains a transliteration, followed by the native text, then (if available) an IPA transcription.

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Languages using the Malayalam script • Malayalam links • Other character notes

Malayalam

ഀ

U+0D00 MALAYALAM SIGN COMBINING ANUSVARA ABOVE​

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

ഀ

Malayalam

  Mn

Anusvara. Used in certain Prakrit texts, where the ordinary anusvara indicates gemination of the following consonant.5

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഁ

U+0D01 MALAYALAM SIGN CANDRABINDU​

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

ഁ

Malayalam

nasalisation˜  Mn

ISO-15919: ̃

A nasalisation marker for use with Sankrit texts. Not used in the contemporary orthography.5

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ം

U+0D02 MALAYALAM SIGN ANUSVARA​

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

• used in Prakrit language texts to indicate gemination of the following consonant

Used by: Malayalam

ം

Malayalam

final consonantm̽  Mc

ISO-15919: ṃ

m (used at the end of a syllable).

ഹംസം hamsam swan

അളം äɭɐm place

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഃ

U+0D03 MALAYALAM SIGN VISARGA​

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഃ

Malayalam

final consonanth̽  Mc

ISO-15919: ḥ

ɦ final consonant. May not be pronounced.

ദുഃഖം d̪uɦkʰam sorrow

അന്തഃപുരം ɐn̪d̪ɐppuɾɐm wife

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
അ

U+0D05 MALAYALAM LETTER A

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

അ

Malayalam

independent vowelạ̄  Lo

ISO-15919: a

a independent vowel.

അകലെ aɡale far

There is no corresponding dependent vowel, because this is the same sound as the inherent vowel.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ആ

U+0D06 MALAYALAM LETTER AA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ആ

Malayalam

independent vowelậ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ാ [U+0D3E MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA​]

ISO-15919: ā

aː independent vowel.

അയാൾ ajaːɭ he

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഇ

U+0D07 MALAYALAM LETTER I

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഇ

Malayalam

independent vowelị  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ി [U+0D3F MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I​]

ISO-15919: i

i independent vowel.

ഇരിക്ക് iɾikkɨ̆ to sit

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഈ

U+0D08 MALAYALAM LETTER II

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഈ

Malayalam

independent vowelị̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ീ [U+0D40 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II​]

ISO-15919: ī

iː independent vowel.

ഈട്ടി iːʈʈi rosewood

Combinations

Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence ഇ + ൗU+0D07 LETTER I + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARK. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഉ

U+0D09 MALAYALAM LETTER U

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഉ

Malayalam

independent vowelụ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ു [U+0D41 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U​]

ISO-15919: u

u independent vowel.

ഉരുണ്ട uɾuɳʈa round

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ഊ

U+0D0A MALAYALAM LETTER UU

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഊ

Malayalam

independent vowelụ̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൂ [U+0D42 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU​]

ISO-15919: ū

uː independent vowel.

ഊത uːta purple

Combinations

Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence ഉ + ൗU+0D09 LETTER U + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARK. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഋ

U+0D0B MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഋ

Malayalam

vocalic independent vowelr̥̣  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൃ [U+0D43 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R​]

ISO-15919: r̥̣

rɨ vocalic independent vowel.

ഋഷി riʂi rishi, sage

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ഌ

U+0D0C MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC L

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used infrequently by: Malayalam

ഌ

Malayalam

vocalic independent vowel (Used in one Sanskrit word only.)rare l̥̣  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൢ [U+0D62 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L​]

ISO-15919: l̥̣

Rare. Used in one Sanskrit word only.

lɨ vocalic independent vowel.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
എ

U+0D0E MALAYALAM LETTER E

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

എ

Malayalam

independent vowelẹ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is െ [U+0D46 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E​]

ISO-15919: e

e independent vowel.

എങ്ങനെ eŋŋane how

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ഏ

U+0D0F MALAYALAM LETTER EE

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഏ

Malayalam

independent vowelẹ̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is േ [U+0D47 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE​]

ISO-15919: ē

eː independent vowel.

ഏകദേശം eːɡɐd̪eːʃɐm approximately

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ഐ

U+0D10 MALAYALAM LETTER AI

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഐ

Malayalam

independent vowelạʲ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൈ [U+0D48 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI​]

ISO-15919: ai

ai̯ independent vowel.

ഐങ്കോൺ ai̯ṅkoːɳ pentagon

Combinations

Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence എ + െU+0D0E LETTER E + U+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഒ

U+0D12 MALAYALAM LETTER O

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഒ

Malayalam

independent vowelọ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൊ [U+0D4A MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O​]

ISO-15919: o

o independent vowel.

ഒട്ടൊക്കെ oʈʈokke somewhat

Combinations

Content authors should use:

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഓ

U+0D13 MALAYALAM LETTER OO

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഓ

Malayalam

independent vowelọ̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ോ [U+0D4B MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO​]

ISO-15919: ō

oː independent vowel.

ഓടുക oːɖuɡɐ to run

Combinations

Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence ഒ + ാU+0D12 LETTER O + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AA. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഔ

U+0D14 MALAYALAM LETTER AU

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഔ

Malayalam

independent vowelạʷ  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൗ [U+0D57 MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK​]

ISO-15919: au

au̯ independent vowel.

ഔഷധം ɐuʂɐd̪ʱɐm medecine

Combinations

Content authors should use this code point and not the sequence ഒ + ൗU+0D12 LETTER O + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARK. The sequence is not canonically equivalent to the atomic character.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ക

U+0D15 MALAYALAM LETTER KA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ക

Malayalam

consonantk  Lo

ISO-15919: k

k consonant with inherent vowel a.

കണക്ക് kɐɳɐkkɨ mathematics അകലെ aɡale far അടിക്ക് aʈikkɨ̆ to hit
Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഖ

U+0D16 MALAYALAM LETTER KHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഖ

Malayalam

consonantkʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: kh

kʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഖനനം kʰɐnɐnɐm mining ദുഃഖം d̪uɦkʰam sorrow

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഗ

U+0D17 MALAYALAM LETTER GA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഗ

Malayalam

consonantg  Lo

ISO-15919: g

ɡ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഗ്രാമ്പൂ ɡɾaːmbuː clove സ്വാഗതം sʋɐːɡɐd̪ɐm welcome അഗ്നി aɡn̪i fire
Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഘ

U+0D18 MALAYALAM LETTER GHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഘ

Malayalam

consonantgʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: gh

ɡʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഘനം ɡʱɐnɐm weight

നിഘണ്ടു n̪iɡʱaɳɖu dictionary

സംഘം sɐŋɡʱɐm team, group

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ങ

U+0D19 MALAYALAM LETTER NGA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ങ

Malayalam

consonantŋ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṅ

ŋ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഞങ്ങൾ ɲaŋŋaɭ we

മാങ്ങ mäːŋŋɐ unripe mango

തിങ്കൾ t̪iŋkaɭ moon

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ച

U+0D1A MALAYALAM LETTER CA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= cha

Used by: Malayalam

ച

Malayalam

consonantc  Lo

ISO-15919: c

t͡ʃ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ചലച്ചിത്രം t͡ʃalat͡ʃt͡ʃit̪ɾam movie

തടിച്ച t̪aʈit͡ʃt͡ʃa thick

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഛ

U+0D1B MALAYALAM LETTER CHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= chha

Used by: Malayalam

ഛ

Malayalam

consonantcʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: ch

t͡ʃʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

അച്ഛൻ at͡ʃt͡ʃʰan father

ഛർദ്ദി t͡ʃʰɐrd̪d̪i vomit

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ജ

U+0D1C MALAYALAM LETTER JA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ജ

Malayalam

consonantj  Lo

ISO-15919: j

d͡ʒ/ɟ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ജൂൺ d͡ʒuːɳ June

അനുജത്തി anud͡ʒat̪t̪i little sister

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഝ

U+0D1D MALAYALAM LETTER JHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഝ

Malayalam

consonantjʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: jh

d͡ʒʰ/ɟʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഝഷം d͡ʒʱɐʂɐm fish

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഞ

U+0D1E MALAYALAM LETTER NYA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= nha

Used by: Malayalam

ഞ

Malayalam

consonantɲ  Lo

ISO-15919: ñ

ɲ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഞരമ്പ് ɲɐɾɐmbɨ̆ nerve

ഞാഞ്ഞൂൽ ɲäːɲɲuːl worm

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ട

U+0D1F MALAYALAM LETTER TTA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= ta

Used by: Malayalam

ട

Malayalam

consonantʈ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṭ

ʈ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ടൗൺ ʈɐuɳ town

വട്ടം ʋɐʈʈɐm circle

തട്ട് t̪aʈʈɨ̆ to hit

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഠ

U+0D20 MALAYALAM LETTER TTHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= tta

Used by: Malayalam

ഠ

Malayalam

consonantʈʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṭh

ʈʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

മിഠായി miʈʰäːji candy

മറാഠീ maraːʈʰiː Marathi

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഡ

U+0D21 MALAYALAM LETTER DDA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= hard da

Used by: Malayalam

ഡ

Malayalam

consonantɖ  Lo

ISO-15919: ḍ

ɖ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഡിസംബർ ɖisambar December

കന്നഡ kan̪n̪aɖa Kannada

ഷഡ്പദം ʂɐɖbɐd̪ɐm insect

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഢ

U+0D22 MALAYALAM LETTER DDHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= hard dda

Used by: Malayalam

ഢ

Malayalam

consonantɖʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: ḍh

ɖʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഗൂഢാലോചന ɡuːɖʰäːloːdʒɐnɐ conspiracy

വിഡ്ഢി ʋiɖɖʱi fool

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ണ

U+0D23 MALAYALAM LETTER NNA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= hard na

Used by: Malayalam

ണ

Malayalam

consonantɳ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṇ

ɳ consonant with inherent vowel a.

അണലി aɳali viper

ഊണ് uːɳɨ̆ meals

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ത

U+0D24 MALAYALAM LETTER TA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= tha

Used by: Malayalam

ത

Malayalam

consonantt  Lo

ISO-15919: t

t̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.

തത്ത t̪at̪t̪a parrot

ഊത് uːt̪ɨ̆ to blow (as wind)

ഊത uːta purple

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഥ

U+0D25 MALAYALAM LETTER THA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= ttha

Used by: Malayalam

ഥ

Malayalam

consonanttʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: th

t̪ʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഗാഥം ɡäːt̪ʰɐm song

കഥ kɐt̪ʰɐ story

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ദ

U+0D26 MALAYALAM LETTER DA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= soft da

Used by: Malayalam

ദ

Malayalam

consonantd  Lo

ISO-15919: d

d̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ദുഃഖം d̪uɦkʰam sorrow

വന്ദനം ʋɐn̪d̪ɐnɐm greetings

റദ്ദ് räd̪d̪ːɨ̆ cancel

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ധ

U+0D27 MALAYALAM LETTER DHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

= soft dda

Used by: Malayalam

ധ

Malayalam

consonantdʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: dh

d̪ʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ധനം d̪ʱɐnɐm wealth

വൃദ്ധൻ ʋrid̪d̪ʰɐn old man

ശ്രദ്ധ ʃrɐd̪d̪ʱɐ attention

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ന

U+0D28 MALAYALAM LETTER NA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ന

Malayalam

consonantn  Lo

ISO-15919: n

n̪ consonant with inherent vowel a when initial and single.

n elsewhere when single.

നനഞ്ഞ n̪anaɲɲa wet

പേന peːnɐ pen

The geminate form can be either, eg.

പന്നി pan̪n̪i pig

കന്നി kanni unmarried girl

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഩ

U+0D29 MALAYALAM LETTER NNNA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

• scholarly use only

ഩ

Malayalam

consonantarchaic ṅ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṉ

Archaic.

n consonant with inherent vowel a. Used in scholarly orthographies for transcribing the Malayalam language in a phonetically accurate way.5

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
പ

U+0D2A MALAYALAM LETTER PA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

പ

Malayalam

consonantp  Lo

ISO-15919: p

p consonant with inherent vowel a.

പകൽ pɐɡɐl day (daytime)

അപ്പൻ appan father

ഉടുപ്പ് uɖuppɨ̆ clothing

കമ്പ് kampɨ̆ stick, branch

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഫ

U+0D2B MALAYALAM LETTER PHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഫ

Malayalam

consonantpʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: ph

pʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ആഫീസ് äːpʰiːsɨ̆ office

f consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഫലം fɐlɐm result

ഫെബ്രുവരി febɾuʋaɾi February

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ബ

U+0D2C MALAYALAM LETTER BA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ബ

Malayalam

consonantb  Lo

ISO-15919: b

b consonant with inherent vowel a.

ബുദ്ധി bud̪d̪ʱi wisdom, intelligence

റബർ rɐbɐr rubber

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ഭ

U+0D2D MALAYALAM LETTER BHA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ഭ

Malayalam

consonantbʰ  Lo

ISO-15919: bh

bʰ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഭാര്യ bʱaːɾja wife

അന്യഭാഷ an̪jabʱaːʂa foriegn language

സഭ sɐbʱɐ committee

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
മ

U+0D2E MALAYALAM LETTER MA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

• also used to denote the fraction one eightieth (kaani)

Used by: Malayalam

മ

Malayalam

consonantm  Lo

ISO-15919: m

m consonant with inherent vowel a.

മടി mɐɖi laziness

തമാശ t̪ɐmäːʃɐ comedy

An m at the end of a syllable is commonly written with ംU+0D02 SIGN ANUSVARA.

ഹംസം hamsam swan

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
യ

U+0D2F MALAYALAM LETTER YA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

യ

Malayalam

consonanty  Lo

ISO-15919: y

j consonant with inherent vowel a.

യന്ത്രം jɐn̪d̪rɐm machine

വ്യക്തി ʋjɐkt̪i person

അടയ്ക്ക aɖajkka betel nut

കയറ് kɐjɐɾɨ̆ rope

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ര

U+0D30 MALAYALAM LETTER RA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ര

Malayalam

consonantr  Lo

ISO-15919: r

r̪ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ചോര t͡ʃoːɾɐ blood

മഹാരാഷ്ട്ര mahārāṣṭra Maharashtra

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
റ

U+0D31 MALAYALAM LETTER RRA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

റ

Malayalam

consonantṙ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṟ

r consonant with inherent vowel a.

റബർ rɐbɐr rubber

കുറച്ച് kurɐtt͡ʃɨ̆ few

ആറ് aːrɨ̆ river

Combinations

ISO-15919: ṯṯ

tt (geminated) is റ്റU+0D31 LETTER RRA + U+0D4D SIGN VIRAMA + U+0D31 LETTER RRA.

മാറ്റം mattam change

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ല

U+0D32 MALAYALAM LETTER LA

Unicode properties
Open in UniView

Used by: Malayalam

ല

Malayalam

consonantl  Lo

ISO-15919: l

l consonant with inherent vowel a.

ലോൺ loːɳ loan

നിലാവ് n̪ilaːʋɨ̆ moon

ഇല ila leaf

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ള

U+0D33 MALAYALAM LETTER LLA

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Used by: Malayalam

ള

Malayalam

consonantɭ  Lo

ISO-15919: ḷ

ɭ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഗുളിക guɭika ball

വെള്ളം ʋeɭɭɐm water

മുള muɭa bamboo

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ഴ

U+0D34 MALAYALAM LETTER LLLA

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= zha

Used by: Malayalam

ഴ

Malayalam

consonantɻ  Lo

ISO-15919: ḻ

ɻ consonant with inherent vowel a.

മിഴി miɻi eye

ഏഴ് eːɻɨ̆ seven

ആഴ്ച äːɻt͡ʃɐ week

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വ

U+0D35 MALAYALAM LETTER VA

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Used by: Malayalam

വ

Malayalam

consonantʋ  Lo

ISO-15919: v

ʋ consonant with inherent vowel a.

വവ്വാൽ ʋɐʋʋäːl bat (animal)

സംഭവം sɐmbʱɐʋɐm incident

കടുവ kɐɖuʋɐ tiger

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ശ

U+0D36 MALAYALAM LETTER SHA

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= soft sha

Used by: Malayalam

ശ

Malayalam

consonantʃ  Lo

ISO-15919: ś

ɕ~ʃ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ശരി ɕaɾi right (correct)

നിശ്ശബ്ദം n̪iʃʃɐbd̪ɐm silence

തമാശ t̪ɐmäːʃɐ comedy

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ഷ

U+0D37 MALAYALAM LETTER SSA

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= sha

Used by: Malayalam

ഷ

Malayalam

consonantʂ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṣ

ʂ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഷഡ്പദം ʂɐɖbɐd̪ɐm insect

അന്യഭാഷ an̪jabʱaːʂa foriegn language

പക്ഷേ pɐkʂe but

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സ

U+0D38 MALAYALAM LETTER SA

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Used by: Malayalam

സ

Malayalam

consonants  Lo

ISO-15919: s

s consonant with inherent vowel a.

സംസാരം sɐmsäːɾɐm talk, conversation

കസേര kaseːɾa chair

പറുദീസ pärud̪iːsä heaven

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ഹ

U+0D39 MALAYALAM LETTER HA

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Used by: Malayalam

ഹ

Malayalam

consonanth  Lo

ISO-15919: h

ɦ consonant with inherent vowel a.

ഹാസ്യം häːsjɐm humour

ആഹാരം äːhäːɾɐm food

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ഺ

U+0D3A MALAYALAM LETTER TTTA

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• scholarly use only

ഺ

Malayalam

consonantarchaic ṫ  Lo

ISO-15919: ṯ

Archaic.

t consonant with inherent vowel a. Used in scholarly orthographies for transcribing the Malayalam language in a phonetically accurate way.5

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഻

U+0D3B MALAYALAM SIGN VERTICAL BAR VIRAMA​

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഻

Malayalam

˟  Mn

A specific form of virama found in historical texts, and used to indicate a pure consonant in a particular orthography. See also ഼U+0D3C SIGN CIRCULAR VIRAMA. Not used in the contemporary orthography.5

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഼

U+0D3C MALAYALAM SIGN CIRCULAR VIRAMA​

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഼

Malayalam

ˣ  Mn

A specific form of virama found in historical texts, and used to indicate a pure consonant in a particular orthography. See also ഻U+0D3B SIGN VERTICAL BAR VIRAMA. Not used in the contemporary orthography.5

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ഽ

U+0D3D MALAYALAM SIGN AVAGRAHA

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= praslesham

ഽ

Malayalam

avagrahapraślēṣamപ്രശ്ലേഷംˣ  Lo

ISO-15919: ’

An avagraha for use with Sankrit texts. Not used in the contemporary orthography.5

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ാ

U+0D3E MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AA​

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Used by: Malayalam

ാ

Malayalam

vowel signā  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ആ [U+0D06 MALAYALAM LETTER AA]

ISO-15919: ā

aː vowel sign.

അയാൾ ajaːɭ he

Encoding

In each of the following cases, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
oːൊU+0D4A VOWEL SIGN Oെ + ാU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
ai̯ോU+0D4B VOWEL SIGN OOേ + ാU+0D47 VOWEL SIGN EE + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
oːഓU+0D13 LETTER OOഒ + ാU+0D12 LETTER O + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AANot canonically equivalent.
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ി

U+0D3F MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN I​

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Used by: Malayalam

ി

Malayalam

vowel signi  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഇ [U+0D07 MALAYALAM LETTER I]

ISO-15919: i

i vowel sign.

ഇരിക്ക് iɾikkɨ̆ to sit

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ീ

U+0D40 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN II​

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Used by: Malayalam

ീ

Malayalam

vowel signī  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഈ [U+0D08 MALAYALAM LETTER II]

ISO-15919: ī

iː vowel sign.

നീണ്ട n̪iːɳɖɐ long

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ു

U+0D41 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN U​

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Used by: Malayalam

ു

Malayalam

vowel signu  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ഉ [U+0D09 MALAYALAM LETTER U]

ISO-15919: u

u vowel sign.

ഉരുണ്ട uɾuɳʈa round

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ൂ

U+0D42 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN UU​

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Used by: Malayalam

ൂ

Malayalam

vowel signū  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ഊ [U+0D0A MALAYALAM LETTER UU]

ISO-15919: ū

uː vowel sign.

മൂന്ന് muːn̪n̪ɨ̆ three

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ൃ

U+0D43 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R​

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Used by: Malayalam

ൃ

Malayalam

vocalic vowel signr̥  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ഋ [U+0D0B MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC R]

ISO-15919: r̥

rɨ vocalic vowel sign.

മൃഗം mriɡɐm animal

വൃദ്ധൻ ʋrid̪d̪ʰɐn old man

ദൃശ്യം d̪r̩ʃjɐm scene, tableau

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ൄ

U+0D44 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR​

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ൄ

Malayalam

vocalic vowel sign (Very rare.)unused r̥̄  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ൠ [U+0D60 MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC RR]

ISO-15919: r̥̄

Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.1

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െ

U+0D46 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN E​

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• stands to the left of the consonant

Used by: Malayalam

െ

Malayalam

vowel signe  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is എ [U+0D0E MALAYALAM LETTER E]

ISO-15919: e

e vowel sign.

എങ്ങനെ eŋŋane how

Appears to the left of the base consonant, but should be typed after the consonant.

Encoding

In each of the following cases, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
oൊU+0D4A VOWEL SIGN Oെ + ാU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
au̯ൌU+0D4C VOWEL SIGN AUെ + ൗU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKCanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
ai̯ഐU+0D10 LETTER AIഎ + െU+0D0E LETTER E + U+0D46 VOWEL SIGN ENot canonically equivalent.
ai̯ൈU+0D48 VOWEL SIGN AIെ + െU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D46 VOWEL SIGN ENot canonically equivalent.
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േ

U+0D47 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN EE​

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• stands to the left of the consonant

Used by: Malayalam

േ

Malayalam

vowel signē  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഏ [U+0D0F MALAYALAM LETTER EE]

ISO-15919: ē

eː vowel sign.

നേരെ n̪eːɾe straight

Appears to the left of the base consonant, but should be typed after the consonant.

Encoding

In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
oːോU+0D4B VOWEL SIGN OOേ + ാU+0D47 VOWEL SIGN EE + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
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ൈ

U+0D48 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AI​

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• stands to the left of the consonant

Used by: Malayalam

ൈ

Malayalam

vowel signaʲ  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഐ [U+0D10 MALAYALAM LETTER AI]

ISO-15919: ai

ai̯ vowel sign.

ചൈന t͡ʃɐjnɐ China

Appears to the left of the base consonant, but should be typed after the consonant.

Encoding

In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
ai̯ൈU+0D48 VOWEL SIGN AIെ + െU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D46 VOWEL SIGN ENot canonically equivalent.
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ൊ

U+0D4A MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN O​

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≡ 0D46 0D3E

Used by: Malayalam

Decomposes to െ + ാU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AA

ൊ

Malayalam

vowel signo  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഒ [U+0D12 MALAYALAM LETTER O]

ISO-15919: o

o vowel sign.

പൊടി poɖi dust, powder

The two parts appear on either side of the consonant when displayed.

Encoding

In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
oൊU+0D4A VOWEL SIGN Oെ + ാU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
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ോ

U+0D4B MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN OO​

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≡ 0D47 0D3E

Used by: Malayalam

Decomposes to േ + ാU+0D47 VOWEL SIGN EE + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AA

ോ

Malayalam

vowel signō  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഓ [U+0D13 MALAYALAM LETTER OO]

ISO-15919: ō

oː vowel sign.

എപ്പോൾ eppoːɭ when

The two parts appear on either side of the consonant when displayed.

Encoding

In the following case, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
oːോU+0D4B VOWEL SIGN OOേ + ാU+0D47 VOWEL SIGN EE + U+0D3E VOWEL SIGN AACanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
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ൌ

U+0D4C MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN AU​

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• archaic form of the /au/ dependent vowel
→ (malayalam au length mark - 0D57)
≡ 0D46 0D57

Decomposes to െ + ൗU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARK

ൌ

Malayalam

vowel sign (Historic use only.)archaic ȧʷ  Mc

ISO-15919: au

Archaic. Historic use only.

au̯ vowel sign.

The two parts appear on either side of the consonant when displayed. However, the modern way of writing the vowel sign eliminates the left hand side. You should use the separate code point ൗU+0D57 AU LENGTH MARK for that, but note that fonts may display this character using only the right-hand glyph. This leads to difficulty in clearly separating the use of these 2 code points.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
au̯ൌU+0D4C VOWEL SIGN AUേ + ൗU+0D47 VOWEL SIGN EE + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKCanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
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്

U+0D4D MALAYALAM SIGN VIRAMA​

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= candrakkala (the preferred name)
= vowel half-u

Used by: Malayalam

്

Malayalam

viramachandrakkala͞  Mn

Functions as a normal indic virama to indicate conjuncts in consonant clusters, eg. ക്ഷ k͓ʂ ക്ക k͓k പ്പ p͓p

Another function, however, is to reduce vowel sounds, producing the sound known as 'half-u' or samvruthokaram, ie. ə~ɨ̆.

In traditional orthography this is produced using ുU+0D41 VOWEL SIGN U with a virama above, eg.

പാലു് paːlə milk, pink

In modern orthography it is produced using the chandrakkala above a vowel or a consonant, in which case it reduces the vowel or the inherent vowel to ə, eg.

കട്ടയാക് kaʈʈajaːkɨ̆ to freeze

എ്ന്നാ ənnaː on which day?

ഐശീല്ം ai̯ɕiːləm than ice

Note that the first example in the previous paragraph uses the chandrakkala in both ways. The 2nd example shows the chandrakkala before the anusvara, which is normal.

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ൎ

U+0D4E MALAYALAM LETTER DOT REPH

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• not used in reformed modern Malayalam orthography

ൎ

Malayalam

repha (Used before the 1970s reform.)archaic ⁎  Lo

Archaic. Used before the 1970s reform.

Repha.

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൏

U+0D4F MALAYALAM SIGN PARA

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• used historically to measure rice

൏

Malayalam

measure of ricearchaic ~  So

Archaic.

Measure of rice.

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ൔ

U+0D54 MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU M

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Used by: Malayalam

ൔ

Malayalam

chillu consonant–  Lo

m Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.4

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ൕ

U+0D55 MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU Y

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Used by: Malayalam

ൕ

Malayalam

chillu consonant–  Lo

j Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.4

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ൖ

U+0D56 MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LLL

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Used by: Malayalam

ൖ

Malayalam

chillu consonant–  Lo

Chillu consonant. Rarely used, and only in historical documents.4

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ൗ

U+0D57 MALAYALAM AU LENGTH MARK​

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• used alone to write the /au/ dependent vowel in modern texts
→ (malayalam vowel sign au - 0D4C)

Used by: Malayalam

ൗ

Malayalam

vowel signaʷ  Mc

The corresponding independent vowel is ഔ [U+0D14 MALAYALAM LETTER AU]

ISO-15919: au

au̯ vowel sign.

ടൗൺ ʈɐuɳ town

Although this was originally an indicator of vowel length, it has been used for some time as the normal way to write the sound au̯.

Previously, that sound was represented by a vowel sign that surrounded the base character. If you want to use that form in your text you should use ൌU+0D4C VOWEL SIGN AU, however the font may hide the left-hand part from display (as is the case here).

Encoding

In each of the following cases, the atomic character should be used, rather than the sequence.

IPAUseDon't useNotes
au̯ൌU+0D4C VOWEL SIGN AUെ + ൗU+0D46 VOWEL SIGN E + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKCanonically equivalent, but sequence only found in decomposed text.
iːഈU+0D08 LETTER IIഇ + ൗU+0D07 LETTER I + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKNot canonically equivalent.
uːഊU+0D0A LETTER UUഉ + ൗU+0D09 LETTER U + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKNot canonically equivalent.
au̯ഔU+0D14 LETTER AUഒ + ൗU+0D12 LETTER O + U+0D57 AU LENGTH MARKNot canonically equivalent.
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൘

U+0D58 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE ONE-HUNDRED-AND-SIXTIETH

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= arakaani

൘

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/160}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൙

U+0D59 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE FORTIETH

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= aramaa

൙

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/40}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൚

U+0D5A MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE EIGHTIETHS

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= muunnukaani

൚

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {3/8}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൛

U+0D5B MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE TWENTIETH

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= orumaa

൛

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/20}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൜

U+0D5C MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE TENTH

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= rantumaa

൜

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/10}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൝

U+0D5D MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE TWENTIETHS

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= muunnumaa

൝

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {3/20}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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൞

U+0D5E MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE FIFTH

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= naalumaa

൞

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/5}  No

Archaic.

Fraction.

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ൟ

U+0D5F MALAYALAM LETTER ARCHAIC II

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ൟ

Malayalam

archaic   Lo

Archaic. Represents an older form of the letter II.5

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ൠ

U+0D60 MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC RR

Unicode properties
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Used infrequently by: Malayalam

ൠ

Malayalam

vocalic independent vowel (Very rare.)rare r̥̣̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൄ [U+0D44 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR​]

ISO-15919: r̥̣̄

Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.

rɨː vocalic independent vowel.

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ൡ

U+0D61 MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC LL

Unicode properties
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Used infrequently by: Malayalam

ൡ

Malayalam

vocalic independent vowel (Very rare.)rare l̥̣̄  Lo

The corresponding dependent vowel is ൣ [U+0D63 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL​]

ISO-15919: l̥̣̄

Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.

lɨː vocalic independent vowel.

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ൢ

U+0D62 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L​

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ൢ

Malayalam

vocalic vowel sign (Very rare.)unused l̥  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ഌ [U+0D0C MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC L]

ISO-15919: l̥

Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.

lɨ vocalic vowel sign.

കൢപ്തം kɭipt̪ɐm fixed, limited

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ൣ

U+0D63 MALAYALAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL​

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ൣ

Malayalam

vocalic vowel sign (Very rare.)unused l̥̄  Mn

The corresponding independent vowel is ൡ [U+0D61 MALAYALAM LETTER VOCALIC LL]

ISO-15919: l̥̄

Very rare. Used to write Sanskrit words in Malayalam script.

lɨː vocalic vowel sign.

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൦

U+0D66 MALAYALAM DIGIT ZERO

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Used by: Malayalam

൦

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 0̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 0

Infrequent.

0 digit.

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൧

U+0D67 MALAYALAM DIGIT ONE

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

൧

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 1̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 1

Infrequent.

1 digit.

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൨

U+0D68 MALAYALAM DIGIT TWO

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Used by: Malayalam

൨

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 2̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 2

Infrequent.

2 digit.

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൩

U+0D69 MALAYALAM DIGIT THREE

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Used by: Malayalam

൩

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 3̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 3

Infrequent.

3 digit.

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൪

U+0D6A MALAYALAM DIGIT FOUR

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

൪

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 4̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 4

Infrequent.

4 digit.

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൫

U+0D6B MALAYALAM DIGIT FIVE

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Used by: Malayalam

൫

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 5̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 5

Infrequent.

5 digit.

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൬

U+0D6C MALAYALAM DIGIT SIX

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

൬

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 6̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 6

Infrequent.

6 digit.

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൭

U+0D6D MALAYALAM DIGIT SEVEN

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Used by: Malayalam

൭

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 7̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 7

Infrequent.

7 digit.

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൮

U+0D6E MALAYALAM DIGIT EIGHT

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

൮

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 8̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 8

Infrequent.

8 digit.

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൯

U+0D6F MALAYALAM DIGIT NINE

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

൯

Malayalam

digitinfrequent 9̣  Nd

ISO-15919: 9

Infrequent.

9 digit.

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൰

U+0D70 MALAYALAM NUMBER TEN

Unicode properties
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൰

Malayalam

number signarchaic {10}  No

Archaic.

Number sign for 10.

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൱

U+0D71 MALAYALAM NUMBER ONE HUNDRED

Unicode properties
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൱

Malayalam

number signarchaic {100}  No

Archaic.

Number sign for 100.

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൲

U+0D72 MALAYALAM NUMBER ONE THOUSAND

Unicode properties
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൲

Malayalam

number signarchaic {1000}  No

Archaic.

Number sign for 1,000.

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൳

U+0D73 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE QUARTER

Unicode properties
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= kaal
→ (north indic fraction one quarter - A830)

൳

Malayalam

number signarchaic ¼  No

Archaic.

Fraction ¼.

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൴

U+0D74 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE HALF

Unicode properties
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= ara
→ (north indic fraction one half - A831)

൴

Malayalam

number signarchaic ½  No

Archaic.

Fraction ½.

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൵

U+0D75 MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE QUARTERS

Unicode properties
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= mukkaal
→ (north indic fraction three quarters - A832)

൵

Malayalam

number signarchaic ¾  No

Archaic.

Fraction ¾.

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൶

U+0D76 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE SIXTEENTH

Unicode properties
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= maakaani

൶

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/16}  No

Archaic.

Fraction 1/16.

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൷

U+0D77 MALAYALAM FRACTION ONE EIGHTH

Unicode properties
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= arakkaal

൷

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {1/8}  No

Archaic.

Fraction ⅛.

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൸

U+0D78 MALAYALAM FRACTION THREE SIXTEENTHS

Unicode properties
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= muntaani

൸

Malayalam

fractionarchaic {3/16}  No

Archaic.

Fraction 3/16.

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൹

U+0D79 MALAYALAM DATE MARK

Unicode properties
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Used infrequently by: Malayalam

൹

Malayalam

date sign (Usage is fading.)rare   So

Can be used like the 'th' in English dates, but it use is fading in modern text.4507

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ൺ

U+0D7A MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU NN

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

ൺ

Malayalam

chillu consonantɳ̽  Lo

ISO-15919: ṇ^

ɳ chillu consonant.

ജൂൺ d͡ʒuːɳ June

ബ്രിട്ടൺ briʈʈɐɳ Britain

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ൻ

U+0D7B MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU N

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

ൻ

Malayalam

chillu consonantn̽  Lo

ISO-15919: n^

n chillu consonant.

ഈറൻ iːrɐn wet

പെൻസിൽ pensil pencil

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ർ

U+0D7C MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU RR

Unicode properties
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• historically derived from the full letter ra
• also used for chillu r

Used by: Malayalam

ർ

Malayalam

chillu consonantr̽  Lo

ISO-15919: r^

r chillu consonant.

ഇവർ iʋɐr they

അതിർത്തി ɐd̪irt̪t̪i border

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ൽ

U+0D7D MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU L

Unicode properties
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• historically derived from the full letter ta
• used for chillu t and chillu d

Used by: Malayalam

ൽ

Malayalam

chillu consonantl̽  Lo

ISO-15919: l^

l chillu consonant.

കടൽ kaɖal sea

കാൽവിരൽ käːlʋiɾɐl toe

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ൾ

U+0D7E MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU LL

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

ൾ

Malayalam

chillu consonantɭ̽  Lo

ISO-15919: ḷ^

ɭ chillu consonant.

തിങ്കൾ t̪iŋkaɭ moon

കേൾക്ക് keːɭkkɨ̆ to hear

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage
ൿ

U+0D7F MALAYALAM LETTER CHILLU K

Unicode properties
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Used by: Malayalam

ൿ

Malayalam

chillu consonantk̽  Lo

ISO-15919: k^

k chillu consonant.

Find in: Orthography notes • Picker • Term list • Character usage

References & sources

1Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507993-0✓

2Richard Ishida, Ready-made Counter Styles✓

3Santhosh Thottingal, Personal correspondence

4Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0, Chapter 12.9: South and Central Asia-I, Malayalam, 508-515, ISBN 978-1-936213-16-0.✓

5Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0, Chapter 12.9: South and Central Asia-I, Malayalam✓

6Unicode Consortium, Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm (UAX#14)✓

7Wikipedia, Malayalam script

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