Chinese orthography notes

Characters

'Ideographic' characters

Chinese text is primarily constructed from characters that each correspond to a phonetic symbol, including a tone. Some have pictographic origins that are still evident, whereas others have a more complicated structure.

It is said that Chinese people typically use around 3-4,000 characters for most communication, but a reasonable word processor would need to support at least 10,000. Unicode supports over 70,000 Han characters, most of which cover advanced or esoteric usage.

CLDR character lists

The listings here show a list of characters used per version 36 of CLDR's lists of characters (exemplarCharacters).

Show characters used for Simplified Chinese.

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Auxiliary	仂侣傈傣僳卑卞厘吕坝堤奎屿巽撤楔楠滕瑚甫盲碑禄粟脚艮谬钯铂锑镑魁乒乓仓伞冥凉刨匕厦厨呣唇啤啮喱嗅噘噢墟妆婴媚宅寺尬尴屑巾弓彗惊戟扔扰扳抛挂捂摇撅杆杖柜柱栗栽桶棍棕棺榈槟橙洒浆涌淇滚滩灾烛烟焰煎犬猫瓢皱盆盔眨眯瞌矿祈祭祷稻竿笼筒篷粮纠纬缆缎耸舔舵艇芽苜苞菇菱葫葵蒸蓿蔽薯蘑蚂蛛蜗蜘蜡蝎蝴螃裹谍豚账跤踪躬轴辐迹郁鄙酢钉钥钮铅铛锄锚锤闺阱隧雕霾靴靶鞠颠馏驼骆髦鲤鲸鳄鸽	181

Show characters used for Traditional Chinese.

Main	一丁七丈三上下丌不丑且世丘丙丟並中串丸丹主乃久么之乎乏乖乘乙九也乾亂了予事二于云互五井些亞亡交亥亦亨享京亮人什仁仇今介仍仔他付仙代令以仰仲件任份企伊伍伐休伙伯估伴伸似伽但佈佉位低住佔何余佛作你佩佳使來例供依侯侵便係促俄俊俗保俠信修俱俾個倍們倒候倚借倫值假偉偏做停健側偵偶偷傑備傢傣傲傳傷傻傾僅像僑僧價儀億儒儘優允元兄充兇先光克免兒兔入內全兩八公六兮共兵其具典兼冊再冒冠冬冰冷准凌凝凡凰凱出函刀分切刊列初判別利刪到制刷刺刻則剌前剛剩剪副割創劃劇劉劍力功加助努劫勁勇勉勒動務勝勞勢勤勵勸勿包匈化北匹區十千升午半卒卓協南博卜卡卯印危即卷卻厄厘厚原厭厲去參又及友反叔取受口古句另只叫召叭可台史右司吃各合吉吊同名后吐向吒君吝吞吟吠否吧含吳吵吸吹吾呀呂呆告呢周味呵呼命和咖咦咧咪咬咱哀品哇哈哉哎員哥哦哩哪哭哲唉唐唔唬售唯唱唷唸商啊問啟啡啥啦啪喀喂善喇喊喔喜喝喬單喵嗎嗚嗨嗯嘆嘉嘗嘛嘴嘻嘿器噴嚇嚴囉四回因困固圈國圍園圓圖團圜土在圭地圾址均坎坐坡坤坦坪垂垃型埃城埔域執培基堂堅堆堡堪報場塊塔塗塞填塵境增墨墮壁壇壓壘壞壢士壬壯壽夏夕外多夜夠夢夥大天太夫央失夷夸夾奇奈奉奎奏契奔套奧奪奮女奴奶她好如妙妝妥妨妮妳妹妻姆姊始姐姑姓委姿威娃娘娛婁婆婚婦媒媽嫌嫩子孔字存孝孟季孤孩孫學它宅宇守安宋完宏宗官宙定宛宜客宣室宮害家容宿寂寄寅密富寒寞察寢實寧寨審寫寬寮寵寶封射將專尊尋對導小少尖尚尤就尺尼尾局屁居屆屋屏展屠層屬山岡岩岸峰島峽崇崙崴嵐嶺川州巡工左巧巨巫差己已巳巴巷市布希帕帖帛帝帥師席帳帶常帽幅幕幣幫干平年幸幹幻幼幽幾庇床序底店庚府度座庫庭康庸廉廖廠廢廣廳延廷建弄式引弗弘弟弦弱張強彈彊彌彎彝彞形彥彩彬彭彰影役彼往征待很律後徐徑徒得從復微徵德徹心必忌忍志忘忙忠快念忽怎怒怕怖思怡急性怨怪恆恐恢恥恨恩恭息恰悅悉悔悟悠您悲悶情惑惜惠惡惱想惹愁愈愉意愚愛感慈態慕慘慢慣慧慮慰慶慾憂憐憑憲憶憾懂應懶懷懼戀戈戊戌成我戒或截戰戲戴戶房所扁扇手才扎打托扣扥扭扯批找承技抄把抓投抗折披抬抱抵抹抽拆拉拋拍拏拒拔拖招拜括拳拼拾拿持指按挑挖挪振挺捐捕捨捲捷掃授掉掌排掛採探接控推措描提插揚換握揮援損搖搜搞搬搭搶摘摩摸撐撒撞撣撥播撾撿擁擇擊擋操擎擔據擠擦擬擴擺擾攝支收改攻放政故效敍敏救敗敘教敝敢散敦敬整敵數文斐斗料斯新斷方於施旁旅旋族旗既日旦早旭旺昂昆昇昌明昏易星映春昨昭是時晉晒晚晨普景晴晶智暑暖暗暫暴曆曉曰曲更書曼曾替最會月有朋服朗望朝期木未末本札朱朵杉李材村杜束杯杰東松板析林果枝架柏某染柔查柬柯柳柴校核根格桃案桌桑梁梅條梨梯械梵棄棉棋棒棚森椅植椰楊楓楚業極概榜榮構槍樂樓標樞模樣樹橋機橫檀檔檢欄權次欣欲欺欽款歉歌歐歡止正此步武歲歷歸死殊殘段殺殼毀毅母每毒比毛毫氏民氣水永求汗汝江池污汪汶決汽沃沈沉沒沖沙河油治沿況泉泊法泡波泥注泰泳洋洗洛洞洩洪洲活洽派流浦浩浪浮海涇消涉涯液涵涼淑淚淡淨深混淺清減渡測港游湖湯源準溝溪溫滄滅滋滑滴滾滿漂漏演漠漢漫漲漸潔潘潛潮澤澳激濃濟濤濫濱瀏灌灣火灰災炎炮炸為烈烏烤無焦然煙煞照煩熊熟熱燃燈燒營爆爐爛爪爬爭爵父爸爺爽爾牆片版牌牙牛牠牧物牲特牽犧犯狀狂狐狗狠狼猛猜猴猶獄獅獎獨獲獸獻玄率玉王玩玫玲玻珊珍珠珥班現球理琉琪琴瑙瑜瑞瑟瑤瑪瑰環瓜瓦瓶甘甚甜生產用田由甲申男甸界留畢略番畫異當疆疏疑疼病痕痛痴瘋療癡癸登發白百的皆皇皮盃益盛盜盟盡監盤盧目盲直相盼盾省眉看真眠眼眾睛睡督瞧瞭矛矣知短石砂砍研砲破硬碎碗碟碧碩碰確碼磁磨磯礎礙示社祕祖祚祛祝神祥票祿禁禍禎福禪禮秀私秋科秒秘租秤秦移稅程稍種稱稿穆穌積穩究穹空穿突窗窩窮窶立站竟章童端競竹笑笛符笨第筆等筋答策简算管箭箱節範篇築簡簫簽簿籃籌籍籤米粉粗粵精糊糕糟系糾紀約紅納紐純紙級紛素索紫累細紹終組結絕絡給統絲經綜綠維綱網緊緒線緣編緩緬緯練縛縣縮縱總績繁繆織繞繪繳繼續缸缺罕罪置罰署罵罷羅羊美羞群義羽翁習翔翰翹翻翼耀老考者而耍耐耗耳耶聊聖聚聞聯聰聲職聽肉肚股肥肩肯育背胎胖胞胡胸能脆脫腓腔腦腰腳腿膽臉臘臣臥臨自臭至致臺與興舉舊舌舍舒舞舟航般船艦良色艾芝芬花芳若苦英茅茫茲茶草荒荷荼莉莊莎莫菜菩華菲萄萊萬落葉著葛葡蒂蒙蒲蒼蓋蓮蔕蔡蔣蕭薄薦薩薪藉藍藏藝藤藥蘆蘇蘭虎處虛號虧蛇蛋蛙蜂蜜蝶融螢蟲蟹蠍蠻血行術街衛衝衡衣表袋被裁裂裕補裝裡製複褲西要覆見規視親覺覽觀角解觸言訂計訊討訓託記訥訪設許訴註証評詞詢試詩話該詳誇誌認誓誕語誠誤說誰課誼調談請諒論諸諺諾謀謂講謝證識譜警譯議護譽讀變讓讚谷豆豈豐象豪豬貌貓貝貞負財貢貨貪貫責貴買費貼賀資賈賓賜賞賢賣賤賦質賭賴賺購賽贈贊贏赤赫走起超越趕趙趣趨足跌跎跑距跟跡路跳踏踢蹟蹤躍身躲車軌軍軒軟較載輔輕輛輝輩輪輯輸轉轟辛辦辨辭辯辰辱農迅迎近返迦迪迫述迴迷追退送逃逆透逐途這通逛逝速造逢連週進逸逼遇遊運遍過道達違遙遜遠適遭遮遲遷選遺避邀邁還邊邏那邦邪邱郎部郭郵都鄂鄉鄭鄰酉配酒酷酸醉醒醜醫采釋里重野量金針釣鈴鉢銀銅銖銘銳銷鋒鋼錄錢錦錫錯鍋鍵鍾鎊鎖鎮鏡鐘鐵鑑長門閃閉開閏閒間閣閱闆闊闍闐關闡防阻阿陀附降限院陣除陪陰陳陵陶陷陸陽隆隊階隔際障隨險隱隻雄雅集雉雖雙雜雞離難雨雪雲零雷電需震霍霧露霸霹靂靈青靖靜非靠面革靼鞋韃韋韓音韻響頁頂項順須預頑頓頗領頞頭頻顆題額顏願類顧顯風飄飛食飯飲飽飾餅養餐餘館首香馬駐駕駛騎騙騷驅驗驚骨體高髮鬆鬥鬧鬱鬼魁魂魅魔魚魯鮮鳥鳳鳴鴻鵝鷹鹿麗麥麵麻麼黃黎黑默點黨鼓鼠鼻齊齋齒齡龍龜	2,180
Auxiliary	乍仂伏佐侶僳兆兌兹别券勳卑卞占叶堤墎壤奥孜峇嶼巽栗楔涅渾澎燦狄琳瑚甫碑礁芒苗茨蓬蚩蜀裘謬酋隴乳划匕匙匣叉吻嘟噘妖巾帆廁廚弋弓懸戟扳捂摔暈框桶桿櫃煎燭牡皺盒眨眩筒簍糰紋紗纏纜羯聳肖艇虹蛛蜘蝴蝸蠟裙豚躬釘鈔鈕鉛鎚鎬鐺鑰鑽霄鞠骰骷髏鯉鳶	115

In its 'main' category, CLDR lists 2,210 characters for the Simplified Chinese orthography, and 2,180 for Traditional Chinese. Combined, this includes 3,026 unique characters, and an overlap of 1,064 characters.

一␣丁␣七␣万␣丈␣三␣上␣下␣丌␣不␣与␣丑␣专␣且␣世␣丘␣丙␣业␣东␣丝␣丟␣丢␣两␣严␣並␣丧␣个␣中␣丰␣串␣临␣丸␣丹␣为␣主␣丽␣举␣乃␣久␣么␣义␣之␣乌␣乍␣乎␣乏␣乐␣乔␣乖␣乘␣乙␣九␣也␣习␣乡␣书␣买␣乱␣乾␣亂␣了␣予␣争␣事␣二␣于␣亏␣云␣互␣五␣井␣亚␣些␣亞␣亡␣交␣亥␣亦␣产␣亨␣享␣京␣亮␣亲␣人␣亿␣什␣仁␣仅␣仇␣今␣介␣仍␣从␣仔␣他␣付␣仙␣代␣令␣以␣仪␣们␣仰␣仲␣件␣价␣任␣份␣仿␣企␣伊␣伍␣伏␣伐␣休␣众␣优␣伙␣会␣伟␣传␣伤␣伦␣伯␣估␣伴␣伸␣似␣伽␣但␣佈␣佉␣位␣低␣住␣佐␣佑␣体␣佔␣何␣余␣佛␣作␣你␣佤␣佩␣佳␣使␣來␣例␣供␣依␣侠␣侦␣侧␣侨␣侬␣侯␣侵␣便␣係␣促␣俄␣俊␣俗␣保␣俠␣信␣俩␣修␣俱␣俾␣個␣倍␣們␣倒␣候␣倚␣借␣倦␣倫␣值␣倾␣假␣偉␣偌␣偏␣做␣停␣健␣側␣偵␣偶␣偷␣傑␣備␣傢␣傣␣储␣催␣傲␣傳␣傷␣傻␣傾␣僅␣像␣僑␣僧␣價␣儀␣億␣儒␣儘␣優␣儿␣允␣元␣兄␣充␣兆␣兇␣先␣光␣克␣免␣兑␣兒␣兔␣党␣入␣內␣全␣兩␣八␣公␣六␣兮␣兰␣共␣关␣兴␣兵␣其␣具␣典␣兹␣养␣兼␣兽␣内␣冈␣冊␣册␣再␣冒␣写␣军␣农␣冠␣冬␣冰␣冲␣决␣况␣冷␣准␣凌␣减␣凝␣几␣凡␣凤␣凭␣凯␣凰␣凱␣出␣击␣函␣刀␣分␣切␣刊␣刑␣划␣列␣刘␣则␣刚␣创␣初␣判␣別␣利␣刪␣别␣到␣制␣刷␣券␣刺␣刻␣剂␣則␣剌␣前␣剑␣剛␣剧␣剩␣剪␣副␣割␣創␣劃␣劇␣劉␣劍␣力␣劝␣办␣功␣加␣务␣劣␣动␣助␣努␣劫␣励␣劲␣劳␣势␣勁␣勇␣勉␣勋␣勒␣動␣務␣勝␣勞␣勢␣勤␣勵␣勸␣勾␣勿␣包␣匆␣匈␣化␣北␣匙␣匹␣区␣医␣區␣十␣千␣升␣午␣半␣华␣协␣卒␣卓␣協␣单␣卖␣南␣博␣卜␣占␣卡␣卢␣卫␣卯␣印␣危␣即␣却␣卷␣卻␣厂␣厄␣厅␣历␣厉␣压␣厌␣厍␣厘␣厚␣原␣厭␣厲␣去␣县␣参␣參␣又␣叉␣及␣友␣双␣反␣发␣叔␣取␣受␣变␣叙␣口␣古␣句␣另␣只␣叫␣召␣叭␣可␣台␣史␣右␣叶␣号␣司␣叹␣吃␣各␣合␣吉␣吊␣同␣名␣后␣吐␣向␣吒␣吓␣吗␣君␣吝␣吞␣吟␣吠␣否␣吧␣含␣听␣启␣吳␣吵␣吸␣吹␣吻␣吾␣呀␣呂␣呆␣呈␣告␣呐␣员␣呜␣呢␣呦␣周␣味␣呵␣呼␣命␣和␣咖␣咦␣咧␣咨␣咪␣咬␣咯␣咱␣哀␣品␣哇␣哈␣哉␣响␣哎␣哟␣員␣哥␣哦␣哩␣哪␣哭␣哲␣唉␣唐␣唔␣唤␣唬␣售␣唯␣唱␣唷␣唸␣商␣啊␣問␣啟␣啡␣啥␣啦␣啪␣喀␣喂␣善␣喇␣喊␣喏␣喔␣喜␣喝␣喬␣單␣喵␣喷␣喻␣嗎␣嗒␣嗚␣嗨␣嗯␣嘆␣嘉␣嘗␣嘛␣嘴␣嘻␣嘿␣器␣噴␣嚇␣嚴␣囉␣四␣回␣因␣团␣园␣困␣围␣固␣国␣图␣圆␣圈␣國␣圍␣園␣圓␣圖␣團␣圜␣土␣圣␣在␣圭␣地␣圳␣场␣圾␣址␣均␣坎␣坐␣坑␣块␣坚␣坛␣坜␣坡␣坤␣坦␣坪␣垂␣垃␣型␣垒␣埃␣埋␣城␣埔␣域␣執␣培␣基␣堂␣堅␣堆␣堕␣堡␣堪␣報␣場␣塊␣塑␣塔␣塗␣塞␣填␣塵␣境␣增␣墨␣墮␣壁␣壇␣壓␣壘␣壞␣壢␣壤␣士␣壬␣壮␣壯␣声␣壽␣处␣备␣复␣夏␣夕␣外␣多␣夜␣够␣夠␣夢␣夥␣大␣天␣太␣夫␣央␣失␣头␣夷␣夸␣夹␣夺␣夾␣奇␣奈␣奉␣奋␣奎␣奏␣契␣奔␣奖␣套␣奥␣奧␣奪␣奮␣女␣奴␣奶␣她␣好␣如␣妇␣妈␣妖␣妙␣妝␣妥␣妨␣妮␣妳␣妹␣妻␣姆␣姊␣始␣姐␣姑␣姓␣委␣姿␣威␣娃␣娄␣娘␣娛␣娜␣娟␣娱␣婁␣婆␣婚␣婦␣媒␣媽␣嫁␣嫌␣嫩␣子␣孔␣孕␣字␣存␣孙␣孜␣孝␣孟␣季␣孤␣学␣孩␣孫␣學␣宁␣它␣宅␣宇␣守␣安␣宋␣完␣宏␣宗␣官␣宙␣定␣宛␣宜␣宝␣实␣审␣客␣宣␣室␣宪␣宮␣害␣宴␣家␣容␣宽␣宾␣宿␣寂␣寄␣寅␣密␣寇␣富␣寒␣寝␣寞␣察␣寡␣寢␣實␣寧␣寨␣審␣寫␣寬␣寮␣寵␣寶␣寸␣对␣寻␣导␣寿␣封␣射␣将␣將␣專␣尊␣尋␣對␣導␣小␣少␣尔␣尖␣尘␣尚␣尝␣尤␣就␣尺␣尼␣尽␣尾␣局␣屁␣层␣居␣屆␣屋␣屏␣展␣属␣屠␣層␣屬␣山␣岁␣岂␣岗␣岘␣岚␣岛␣岡␣岩␣岳␣岸␣峡␣峰␣島␣峽␣崇␣崙␣崩␣崴␣嵐␣嶺␣川␣州␣巡␣工␣左␣巧␣巨␣巫␣差␣己␣已␣巳␣巴␣巷␣币␣市␣布␣帅␣师␣希␣帐␣帕␣帖␣帛␣帝␣帥␣带␣師␣席␣帮␣帳␣帶␣常␣帽␣幅␣幕␣幣␣幫␣干␣平␣年␣并␣幸␣幹␣幻␣幼␣幽␣幾␣广␣庆␣庇␣床␣序␣库␣应␣底␣店␣庙␣庚␣府␣庞␣废␣度␣座␣庫␣庭␣康␣庸␣廉␣廖␣廠␣廢␣廣␣廳␣延␣廷␣建␣开␣异␣弃␣弄␣弊␣式␣引␣弗␣弘␣弟␣张␣弥␣弦␣弯␣弱␣張␣強␣弹␣强␣彈␣彊␣彌␣彎␣归␣当␣录␣彝␣彞␣形␣彥␣彩␣彬␣彭␣彰␣影␣彷␣役␣彻␣彼␣往␣征␣径␣待␣很␣律␣後␣徐␣徑␣徒␣得␣從␣復␣循␣微␣徵␣德␣徹␣心␣必␣忆␣忌␣忍␣志␣忘␣忙␣忠␣忧␣快␣念␣忽␣怀␣态␣怎␣怒␣怕␣怖␣思␣怡␣急␣性␣怨␣怪␣总␣恆␣恋␣恐␣恢␣恥␣恨␣恩␣恭␣息␣恰␣恶␣恼␣悄␣悅␣悉␣悔␣悟␣悠␣患␣您␣悲␣悶␣情␣惑␣惜␣惠␣惡␣惧␣惨␣惯␣惱␣想␣惹␣愁␣愈␣愉␣意␣愚␣愛␣感␣愧␣慈␣態␣慎␣慕␣慘␣慢␣慣␣慧␣慮␣慰␣慶␣慾␣憂␣憐␣憑␣憲␣憶␣憾␣懂␣應␣懒␣懶␣懷␣懼␣戀␣戈␣戊␣戌␣戏␣成␣我␣戒␣或␣战␣截␣戰␣戲␣戴␣戶␣户␣房␣所␣扁␣扇␣手␣才␣扎␣扑␣打␣托␣扣␣扥␣执␣扩␣扫␣扬␣扭␣扮␣扯␣批␣找␣承␣技␣抄␣把␣抑␣抓␣投␣抗␣折␣抢␣护␣报␣披␣抬␣抱␣抵␣抹␣抽␣担␣拆␣拉␣拋␣拍␣拏␣拒␣拔␣拖␣拘␣招␣拜␣拟␣拥␣拦␣拨␣择␣括␣拳␣拷␣拼␣拾␣拿␣持␣指␣按␣挑␣挖␣挝␣挡␣挤␣挥␣挪␣振␣挺␣捉␣捐␣捕␣损␣捡␣换␣捨␣据␣捲␣捷␣掃␣授␣掉␣掌␣排␣掛␣採␣探␣接␣控␣推␣掩␣措␣掸␣描␣提␣插␣揚␣換␣握␣揮␣援␣損␣搖␣搜␣搞␣搬␣搭␣搶␣摄␣摆␣摊␣摔␣摘␣摩␣摸␣撐␣撒␣撞␣撣␣撥␣播␣撾␣撿␣擁␣擇␣擊␣擋␣操␣擎␣擔␣據␣擠␣擦␣擬␣擴␣擺␣擾␣攝␣支␣收␣改␣攻␣放␣政␣故␣效␣敌␣敍␣敏␣救␣敗␣敘␣教␣敝␣敢␣散␣敦␣敬␣数␣敲␣整␣敵␣數␣文␣斋␣斐␣斗␣料␣斜␣斥␣断␣斯␣新␣斷␣方␣於␣施␣旁␣旅␣旋␣族␣旗␣无␣既␣日␣旦␣旧␣旨␣早␣旭␣时␣旺␣昂␣昆␣昇␣昌␣明␣昏␣易␣星␣映␣春␣昨␣昭␣是␣显␣時␣晃␣晉␣晋␣晒␣晓␣晚␣晨␣普␣景␣晴␣晶␣智␣暂␣暑␣暖␣暗␣暫␣暮␣暴␣曆␣曉␣曰␣曲␣更␣書␣曹␣曼␣曾␣替␣最␣會␣月␣有␣朋␣服␣朗␣望␣朝␣期␣木␣未␣末␣本␣札␣术␣朱␣朵␣机␣杀␣杂␣权␣杉␣李␣材␣村␣杜␣束␣条␣来␣杨␣杯␣杰␣東␣松␣板␣极␣构␣析␣林␣果␣枝␣枢␣枪␣枫␣架␣柏␣某␣染␣柔␣查␣柬␣柯␣柳␣柴␣标␣栋␣栏␣树␣校␣样␣核␣根␣格␣桃␣框␣案␣桌␣桑␣档␣桥␣梁␣梅␣條␣梦␣梨␣梯␣械␣梵␣检␣棄␣棉␣棋␣棒␣棚␣森␣椅␣植␣椰␣楊␣楓␣楚␣業␣極␣楼␣概␣榜␣榮␣構␣槍␣樂␣樓␣標␣樞␣模␣樣␣樱␣樹␣橋␣機␣橫␣檀␣檔␣檢␣欄␣權␣欠␣次␣欢␣欣␣欧␣欲␣欺␣欽␣款␣歉␣歌␣歐␣歡␣止␣正␣此␣步␣武␣歪␣歲␣歷␣歸␣死␣殊␣残␣殘␣段␣殺␣殼␣毀␣毅␣母␣每␣毒␣比␣毕␣毛␣毫␣氏␣民␣气␣氛␣氣␣水␣永␣求␣汇␣汉␣汗␣汝␣江␣池␣污␣汤␣汪␣汶␣決␣汽␣沃␣沈␣沉␣沒␣沖␣沙␣沟␣没␣沧␣河␣油␣治␣沿␣況␣泉␣泊␣法␣泛␣泡␣波␣泣␣泥␣注␣泰␣泳␣泽␣洋␣洗␣洛␣洞␣津␣洩␣洪␣洲␣活␣洽␣派␣流␣浅␣测␣济␣浏␣浑␣浓␣浙␣浦␣浩␣浪␣浮␣浴␣海␣涅␣涇␣消␣涉␣涛␣涨␣涯␣液␣涵␣涼␣淋␣淑␣淘␣淚␣淡␣淨␣深␣混␣淺␣添␣清␣渐␣減␣渡␣渣␣温␣測␣港␣渴␣游␣湖␣湯␣湾␣源␣準␣溜␣溝␣溪␣溫␣滄␣滅␣滋␣滑␣满␣滥␣滨␣滴␣滾␣滿␣漂␣漏␣演␣漠␣漢␣漫␣漲␣漸␣潔␣潘␣潛␣潜␣潮␣澎␣澤␣澳␣激␣濃␣濟␣濤␣濫␣濱␣瀏␣灌␣灣␣火␣灭␣灯␣灰␣灵␣災␣灿␣炉␣炎␣炮␣炸␣点␣為␣烂␣烈␣烏␣烤␣烦␣烧␣热␣無␣焦␣然␣煌␣煙␣煞␣照␣煩␣煮␣熊␣熟␣熱␣燃␣燈␣燒␣燕␣營␣爆␣爐␣爛␣爪␣爬␣爭␣爱␣爵␣父␣爷␣爸␣爺␣爽␣爾␣牆␣片␣版␣牌␣牙␣牛␣牠␣牡␣牢␣牧␣物␣牲␣牵␣特␣牺␣牽␣犧␣犯␣状␣犹␣狀␣狂␣狐␣狗␣狠␣独␣狮␣狱␣狼␣猛␣猜␣猪␣献␣猴␣猶␣獄␣獅␣獎␣獨␣獲␣獸␣獻␣玄␣率␣玉␣王␣玛␣玩␣玫␣环␣现␣玲␣玻␣珀␣珊␣珍␣珠␣珥␣班␣現␣球␣理␣琉␣琊␣琪␣琳␣琴␣琼␣瑙␣瑜␣瑞␣瑟␣瑤␣瑪␣瑰␣瑶␣璃␣環␣瓜␣瓦␣瓶␣甘␣甚␣甜␣生␣產␣用␣田␣由␣甲␣申␣电␣男␣甸␣画␣畅␣界␣留␣畢␣略␣番␣畫␣異␣當␣疆␣疏␣疑␣疗␣疯␣疲␣疼␣疾␣病␣痕␣痛␣痴␣瘋␣療␣癡␣癸␣登␣發␣白␣百␣的␣皆␣皇␣皮␣盃␣盈␣益␣监␣盒␣盖␣盘␣盛␣盜␣盟␣盡␣監␣盤␣盧␣目␣盲␣直␣相␣盼␣盾␣省␣眉␣看␣真␣眠␣眼␣眾␣着␣睛␣睡␣督␣瞧␣瞭␣矛␣矣␣知␣短␣石␣矶␣码␣砂␣砍␣研␣砲␣破␣础␣硕␣硬␣确␣碍␣碎␣碗␣碟␣碧␣碩␣碰␣確␣碼␣磁␣磅␣磨␣磯␣礎␣礙␣示␣礼␣社␣祕␣祖␣祚␣祛␣祝␣神␣祥␣票␣祯␣祸␣祿␣禁␣禅␣禍␣禎␣福␣禪␣禮␣离␣秀␣私␣秋␣种␣科␣秒␣秘␣租␣秤␣秦␣秩␣积␣称␣移␣稀␣稅␣程␣稍␣税␣稣␣種␣稱␣稳␣稿␣穆␣穌␣積␣穩␣究␣穷␣穹␣空␣穿␣突␣窗␣窝␣窩␣窮␣窶␣立␣站␣竞␣竟␣章␣童␣端␣競␣竹␣笑␣笔␣笛␣符␣笨␣第␣筆␣等␣筋␣筑␣答␣策␣筹␣签␣简␣算␣管␣箭␣箱␣節␣範␣篇␣築␣篮␣簡␣簫␣簽␣簿␣籃␣籌␣籍␣籤␣米␣类␣粉␣粒␣粗␣粤␣粵␣粹␣精␣糊␣糕␣糖␣糟␣系␣糾␣紀␣約␣紅␣納␣紐␣純␣紙␣級␣紛␣素␣索␣紧␣紫␣累␣細␣紹␣終␣組␣結␣絕␣絡␣給␣統␣絲␣經␣綜␣綠␣維␣綱␣網␣緊␣緒␣線␣緣␣編␣緩␣緬␣緯␣練␣縛␣縣␣縮␣縱␣總␣績␣繁␣繆␣織␣繞␣繪␣繳␣繼␣續␣红␣约␣级␣纪␣纯␣纲␣纳␣纵␣纷␣纸␣纽␣线␣练␣组␣细␣织␣终␣绍␣经␣结␣绕␣绘␣给␣络␣绝␣统␣继␣绩␣绪␣续␣维␣绵␣综␣绿␣缅␣缓␣编␣缘␣缠␣缩␣缴␣缶␣缸␣缺␣罐␣网␣罕␣罗␣罚␣罢␣罪␣置␣罰␣署␣罵␣罷␣羅␣羊␣美␣羞␣群␣義␣羯␣羽␣翁␣翅␣習␣翔␣翘␣翠␣翰␣翹␣翻␣翼␣耀␣老␣考␣者␣而␣耍␣耐␣耗␣耳␣耶␣聊␣职␣联␣聖␣聘␣聚␣聞␣聪␣聯␣聰␣聲␣職␣聽␣肉␣肖␣肚␣股␣肤␣肥␣肩␣肯␣育␣胁␣胆␣背␣胎␣胖␣胜␣胞␣胡␣胶␣胸␣能␣脆␣脑␣脫␣脱␣脸␣腊␣腐␣腓␣腔␣腦␣腰␣腳␣腹␣腾␣腿␣膽␣臂␣臉␣臘␣臣␣臥␣臨␣自␣臭␣至␣致␣臺␣與␣興␣舉␣舊␣舌␣舍␣舒␣舞␣舟␣航␣般␣舰␣船␣艦␣良␣色␣艺␣艾␣节␣芒␣芝␣芦␣芬␣芭␣花␣芳␣苍␣苏␣苗␣若␣苦␣英␣茂␣范␣茅␣茨␣茫␣茲␣茶␣草␣荐␣荒␣荣␣药␣荷␣荼␣莉␣莊␣莎␣莪␣莫␣莱␣莲␣获␣菜␣菩␣華␣菲␣萄␣萊␣萍␣萤␣营␣萧␣萨␣萬␣落␣葉␣著␣葛␣葡␣蒂␣蒋␣蒙␣蒲␣蒼␣蓉␣蓋␣蓝␣蓬␣蓮␣蔑␣蔕␣蔡␣蔣␣蕭␣薄␣薦␣薩␣薪␣藉␣藍␣藏␣藝␣藤␣藥␣蘆␣蘇␣蘭␣虎␣虑␣處␣虛␣號␣虧␣虫␣虹␣虽␣虾␣蚁␣蛇␣蛋␣蛙␣蛮␣蜂␣蜜␣蝶␣融␣螢␣蟲␣蟹␣蠍␣蠢␣蠻␣血␣行␣術␣街␣衛␣衝␣衡␣衣␣补␣表␣袋␣被␣袭␣裁␣裂␣装␣裕␣補␣裝␣裡␣裤␣製␣複␣褲␣西␣要␣覆␣見␣規␣視␣親␣覺␣覽␣觀␣见␣观␣规␣视␣览␣觉␣角␣解␣觸␣言␣訂␣計␣訊␣討␣訓␣託␣記␣訥␣訪␣設␣許␣訴␣註␣証␣評␣詞␣詢␣試␣詩␣話␣該␣詳␣誇␣誉␣誌␣認␣誓␣誕␣語␣誠␣誤␣說␣誰␣課␣誼␣調␣談␣請␣諒␣論␣諸␣諺␣諾␣謀␣謂␣講␣謝␣證␣識␣譜␣警␣譯␣議␣護␣譽␣讀␣變␣讓␣讚␣计␣订␣认␣讨␣让␣训␣议␣讯␣记␣讲␣讷␣许␣论␣设␣访␣证␣评␣识␣诉␣词␣译␣试␣诗␣诚␣话␣诞␣询␣该␣详␣语␣误␣说␣请␣诸␣诺␣读␣课␣谁␣调␣谅␣谈␣谊␣谋␣谓␣谜␣谢␣谨␣谱␣谷␣豆␣豈␣豐␣象␣豪␣豬␣貌␣貓␣貝␣貞␣負␣財␣貢␣貨␣貪␣貫␣責␣貴␣買␣費␣貼␣賀␣資␣賈␣賓␣賜␣賞␣賢␣賣␣賤␣賦␣質␣賭␣賴␣賺␣購␣賽␣贈␣贊␣贏␣贝␣贞␣负␣贡␣财␣责␣贤␣败␣货␣质␣贩␣贪␣购␣贯␣贱␣贴␣贵␣贸␣费␣贺␣贼␣贾␣资␣赋␣赌␣赏␣赐␣赔␣赖␣赚␣赛␣赞␣赠␣赢␣赤␣赫␣走␣赵␣起␣趁␣超␣越␣趋␣趕␣趙␣趣␣趨␣足␣跃␣跌␣跎␣跑␣距␣跟␣跡␣路␣跳␣踏␣踢␣踩␣蹟␣蹤␣躍␣身␣躲␣車␣軌␣軍␣軒␣軟␣較␣載␣輔␣輕␣輛␣輝␣輩␣輪␣輯␣輸␣轉␣轟␣车␣轨␣轩␣转␣轮␣软␣轰␣轻␣载␣较␣辅␣辆␣辈␣辉␣辑␣输␣辛␣辞␣辦␣辨␣辩␣辭␣辯␣辰␣辱␣農␣边␣达␣迁␣迅␣过␣迈␣迎␣运␣近␣返␣还␣这␣进␣远␣违␣连␣迟␣迦␣迪␣迫␣述␣迴␣迷␣追␣退␣送␣适␣逃␣逆␣选␣逊␣透␣逐␣递␣途␣這␣通␣逛␣逝␣速␣造␣逢␣連␣週␣進␣逸␣逻␣逼␣遇␣遊␣運␣遍␣過␣道␣達␣違␣遗␣遙␣遜␣遠␣適␣遭␣遮␣遲␣遵␣遷␣選␣遺␣避␣邀␣邁␣還␣邊␣邏␣邓␣那␣邦␣邪␣邮␣邱␣邻␣郎␣郑␣部␣郭␣郵␣都␣鄂␣鄉␣鄭␣鄰␣酉␣酋␣配␣酒␣酷␣酸␣醉␣醒␣醜␣醫␣采␣释␣釋␣里␣重␣野␣量␣金␣針␣釣␣鈴␣鉢␣銀␣銅␣銖␣銘␣銳␣銷␣鋒␣鋼␣錄␣錢␣錦␣錫␣錯␣鍋␣鍵␣鍾␣鎊␣鎖␣鎮␣鏡␣鐘␣鐵␣鑑␣针␣钓␣钟␣钢␣钦␣钱␣钻␣铁␣铃␣铜␣铢␣铭␣银␣铺␣链␣销␣锁␣锅␣锋␣错␣锡␣锦␣键␣锺␣镇␣镜␣镭␣長␣长␣門␣閃␣閉␣開␣閏␣閒␣間␣閣␣閱␣闆␣闊␣闍␣闐␣關␣闡␣门␣闪␣闭␣问␣闰␣闲␣间␣闷␣闹␣闻␣阁␣阅␣阐␣阔␣队␣阮␣防␣阳␣阴␣阵␣阶␣阻␣阿␣陀␣附␣际␣陆␣陈␣降␣限␣院␣陣␣除␣险␣陪␣陰␣陳␣陵␣陶␣陷␣陸␣陽␣隆␣隊␣階␣随␣隐␣隔␣際␣障␣隨␣險␣隱␣隻␣难␣雄␣雅␣集␣雉␣雖␣雙␣雜␣雞␣離␣難␣雨␣雪␣雯␣雲␣雳␣零␣雷␣電␣雾␣需␣震␣霍␣霖␣霧␣露␣霸␣霹␣靂␣靈␣青␣靖␣静␣靜␣非␣靠␣面␣革␣靼␣鞋␣鞑␣韃␣韋␣韓␣韦␣韩␣音␣韻␣響␣頁␣頂␣項␣順␣須␣預␣頑␣頓␣頗␣領␣頞␣頭␣頻␣顆␣題␣額␣顏␣願␣類␣顧␣顯␣页␣顶␣项␣顺␣须␣顽␣顾␣顿␣预␣领␣颇␣频␣颗␣题␣额␣風␣飄␣风␣飘␣飙␣飛␣飞␣食␣飯␣飲␣飽␣飾␣餅␣養␣餐␣餘␣館␣饭␣饮␣饰␣饱␣饼␣馆␣首␣香␣馨␣馬␣駐␣駕␣駛␣騎␣騙␣騷␣驅␣驗␣驚␣马␣驱␣驶␣驻␣驾␣验␣骑␣骗␣骚␣骤␣骨␣體␣高␣髮␣鬆␣鬥␣鬧␣鬱␣鬼␣魁␣魂␣魅␣魔␣魚␣魯␣鮮␣鱼␣鲁␣鲜␣鳥␣鳳␣鳴␣鴻␣鵝␣鷹␣鸟␣鸡␣鸣␣鸭␣鸿␣鹅␣鹤␣鹰␣鹿␣麗␣麥␣麦␣麵␣麻␣麼␣黃␣黄␣黎␣黑␣默␣點␣黨␣鼓␣鼠␣鼻␣齊␣齋␣齐␣齒␣齡␣齿␣龄␣龍␣龙␣龜␣龟

Radicals

A radical is an ideograph or, more commonly, a component of an ideograph that is used for indexing dictionaries and word lists, and as the basis for creating new ideographs. The 214 radicals of the KangXi dictionary are universally recognised.

The visual appearance of radicals may vary significantly from the original character on which they are based.

Han character for word/say/speak (top) and water (bottom), and associated radicals used in other characters (highlighted yellow).

The shape of the radical may be influenced by the arrangement with other elements of a character, or by standardised simplifications. In the figure above, the shape of the top right radical (word) is a product of the simplification process in China.

Unicode dedicates two blocks to radicals. The KangXi radicals block contains the base forms of the 214 radicals.

The CJK Radicals Supplement contains variant shapes of these radicals when they are used as parts of other characters or in simplified form. These have not been unified because they often appear independently in dictionaries indices.

Characters in those blocks should never be used as ideographs.

Punctuation & inline features

Several of the following sections include icons after punctuation marks that indicate whether the punctuation is used in horizontal (H) or vertical (V) writing, and whether the character is rotated 90º in vertical text, or translated to a different location in the character frame.

Word boundaries

Chinese rarely uses spaces. In the sample text there are gaps around punctuation, but these are produced by a lack of 'ink' in parts of the square character glyphs:

You can verify this by clicking on this example. The character list popup shows that only three characters make up this sequence, and none are spaces.

别。并

The gap between these characters is only an absence of ink. There is no space character.

Phrase & section boundaries

Chinese uses the following separators at the sentence level and below.c,#h-pause-or-stop-punctuation-marks

		SC: H, V		TC: H, V
phrase	， [U+FF0C FULLWIDTH COMMA]
	、 [U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA] *
	： [U+FF1A FULLWIDTH COLON]
	； [U+FF1B FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON]
sentence	。 [U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP]
sentence	． [U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP] *
exclamation	！ [U+FF01 FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK]
question	？ [U+FF1F FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK]

、 [U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA] is typically used as a list separator.

． [U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP] is used as sentence-final punctuation in, for example, college textbooks, science and technology literature, and grammar books of Western languages, most of which are in horizontal writing mode, and Western language is heavily used.

As the table shows, these punctuation marks are not rotated, however their position varies in Simplified Chinese for horizontal and vertical text, relative to the character frame. In Traditional Chinese they are all centred.

These different positions in Simplified Chinese require dedicated glyphs in the font, and cannot be achieved by simply rotating the glyph.

Chinese also uses the following doubled exclamation/question marks. They remain upright in vertical text.

‼ [U+203C DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK]
⁇ [U+2047 DOUBLE QUESTION MARK]
⁈ [U+2048 QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK]
⁉ [U+2049 EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK]

Other punctuation used to separate phrases or items includes:

	H	V
⸺ [U+2E3A TWO-EM DASH]
—— [U+2014 EM DASH + U+2014 EM DASH]

If EM DASH characters are used, they are used in pairs.

Bracketed text

Chinese commonly uses fullwidth parentheses to insert parenthetical information into text.

		H	V
（ [U+FF08 FULLWIDTH LEFT PARENTHESIS]	） [U+FF09 FULLWIDTH RIGHT PARENTHESIS]

Dashes can also be used to offset information, in which case Chinese typically uses those listed in the previous section, doubled up.

Although there are a number of other bracket characters (listed just below), they are rarely used in Chinese publications.c,#id81

【␣】␣〖␣〗␣〔␣〕␣［␣］␣｛␣｝

Brackets are also used to indicate titles and proper names (see otherinline).

Quotations & citations

Quotations

Mainland China. Mainland China, where vertical text is not common, uses different quote marks for horizontal and vertical writing. The default quote marks are:

		H	V
“ [U+201C LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK]	” [U+201D RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK]		-
『 [U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET]	』 [U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET]	-

When an additional quote is embedded within the first, the quote marks are:

		H	V
‘ [U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK]	’ [U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK]		-
「 [U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET]	」 [U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET]	-

Taiwan. Taiwan tends to use a single set of quote marks, but the other way around compared to Mainland China. The default quote marks are:

		H	V
「 [U+300C LEFT CORNER BRACKET]	」 [U+300D RIGHT CORNER BRACKET]

When an additional quote is embedded within the first, the quote marks are:

		H	V
『 [U+300E LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET]	』 [U+300F RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET]

Occasionally, Traditional Chinese text may use double brackets for the default, and single for the embedded. It may also use quotation marks, like Mainland China, but not commonly, and much less so for vertical text.

Titles

Titles of works including books, articles, songs, movies, files, calligraphy and paintings are cited in Chinese in one of two ways:c,#id87

Using angle brackets around the title.
Underlining the title with a wavy line (is rarely used in modern publications, but can still be seen in some textbooks and ancient publications).

		H	V
《 [U+300A LEFT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET]	》 [U+300B RIGHT DOUBLE ANGLE BRACKET]
〈 [U+3008 LEFT ANGLE BRACKET]	〉 [U+3009 RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET]

The double brackets tend to be used for book and chapter titles, and the single brackets for articles.c,#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks

Proper names

Proper names can be highlighted using line decoration, but this time a straight underline. Note that the underline is not used for emphasis in this case. This is mostly used in textbooks and older publications.c,#glyphs_sizes_and_positions_in_character_faces_of_punctuation_marks

Emphasis

To express emphasis Chinese uses dots or circles alongside characters, one dot per base character.

缔造真正<em>全球</em>通行的万维网 — Text emphasis in horizontal (left) and vertical (right) text.

In horizontal text, emphasis marks appear underneath the base text. In vertical text, they run down the right-hand side. Regardless of the orientation of the line, the dot is centred alongside or below the base character.

Where both lines and emphasis dots decorate the same run of text, the lines and emphasis dots will usually appear on opposite sides of a vertical line of text, but will normally both appear below a line of horizontally set text. In horizontal text the line decoration is normally closer to the text than the emphasis dots.

In the same way as for other line decorations, embedded text in other languages that run sideways up or down the line would have dots displayed on the same side as when decorating Chinese.

Straight or wavy lines alongside the text are not used for emphasis (unlike in Latin script text), but are instead used in Chinese to indicate proper nouns such as a person's name, a book title, or the name of a place.c,#id82 See inline_titles and inline_propernames.

Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition

Ellipsis

An ellipsis in Chinese consists of six dots and takes up the space of two Hanzi characters. This is normally achieved using two … [U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS] characters, side-by-side.c,#id83

	H	V
…… [U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS] x2

Inline notes & annotations

Inter-line annotations are used to indicate pronunciation (usually only for children or foreigners), and to provide commentaries on or bilingual equivalents of the main text.

With the exception of zhuyin in horizontal text, all annotations appear within the standard inter-line space for the page, and don't create extra space if they appear on a single line. That said, the inter-line space is usually set at an appropriate size to accommodate annotations.

Unlike Japanese, it is rare to find annotations applied just to specific words; generally the whole text is annotated. If annotations are only needed for individual characters or words, they are often presented in parentheses, following.

These annotations do not appear alongside punctuation.

Indicating pronunciation with Latin characters

Pinyin is the most common way of representing pronunciation, although occasionally other transcriptions are used.

Horizontal semantic annotation. — Examples of pinyin, word-based phonetic annotations (source).

The annotation usually appears above the main line of text, except when both zhuyin and pinyin annotations are both present, in which case it commonly appears below the line.

Pinyin and zhuyin together. — Examples of pinyin and zhuyin phonetic annotations applied to the same base characters (source).

Latin annotations for pronunciation are usually only used with horizontal text.

For native children the annotations are usually applied character by character, whereas for foreign learners they are often applied word by word. The annotation is normally centred above the base text, and contains no spaces.

In order to avoid collisions or wrongly implied word boundaries, there should always be a 1/4em space between adjacent long annotations (usually up to 5 characters per syllable for pinyin). Letter-spacing is typically applied evenly across all the base text to allow room for annotations.

There is a preference for annotations to use a sans-serif font, and for the base text to use Kai.

Indicating pronunciation using Zhuyin Fuhao

The 國語注音符號 (guóyǔ zhùyīn fúhào) approach uses a set of characters referred to as bopomofo (after the initial letters in the alphabet), and is mostly used in Taiwan.

The bopomofo annotations usually appear in a vertical column to the right of each base character, in both horizontal and vertical text.

Vertical zhuyin. — Examples of zhuyin phonetic annotations (source).

Each syllable is described by up to 3 bopomofo characters, plus a tone mark. The neutral tone mark appears above the stack, but the others appear to the right of the bopomofo column. The height of the tone mark depends on the number of bopomofo characters to its left. For details, see CLREQ.

Annotations representing meaning or commentaries

These annotations are common in light novels and translated works, and tend to describe phrases or words. They may contain casing, punctuation, and spaces, and may contain Chinese text explaining Latin base text, or vice versa.

They usually appear below a horizontal line of text, and to the left of a vertical line.

Vertical semantic annotation. — Examples of bilingual annotations (source).

Unlike phonetic annotations, these annotations are only attached to specific words or phrases.

Other punctuation

Chinese uses a large number of punctuation marks, and that number is increased by the duplication of normal vs. fullwidth variants. The fullwidth punctuation often includes significant amounts of white space, so that character frames of the punctuation characters are the same size as Han characters.

CLDR lists 136 punctuation characters for the union of Simplified and Traditional Chinese, grouped here by Unicode block.

CJK Symbols & Punctuation:

、␣。␣〃␣〈␣〉␣《␣》␣「␣」␣『␣』␣【␣】␣〔␣〕␣〖␣〗␣〝␣〞

(Halfwidth &) Fullwidth Forms:

！␣＂␣＃␣％␣＆␣＇␣（␣）␣＊␣，␣－␣．␣／␣：␣；␣？␣＠␣［␣＼␣］␣＿␣｛␣｝

Basic & General punctuation:

!␣"␣#␣%␣&␣(␣)␣*␣,␣-␣.␣/␣:␣;␣?␣@␣[␣\␣]␣_␣{␣}␣‐␣‑␣–␣—␣―␣‖␣‘␣’␣“␣”␣†␣‡␣‥␣…␣‧␣‰␣′␣″␣‵␣※␣‾␣§␣·

CLDR also includes some compatibility characters, included for handling legacy implementations. These include vertical text forms, which should normally be automatically enabled by the font in a vertical context. The other forms should also be avoided in favour of normal characters, with the variant shapes provided by fonts or styling.u,284-5

CJK Compatibility Forms:

︰␣︱␣︲␣︳␣︴␣︵␣︶␣︷␣︸␣︹␣︺␣︻␣︼␣︽␣︾␣︿␣﹀␣﹁␣﹂␣﹃␣﹄␣﹉␣﹊␣﹋␣﹌␣﹍␣﹎␣﹏

Small Form Variants:

﹐␣﹑␣﹒␣﹔␣﹕␣﹖␣﹗␣﹘␣﹙␣﹚␣﹛␣﹜␣﹝␣﹞␣﹟␣﹠␣﹡␣﹣␣﹨␣﹪␣﹫

Dashes. The long dashes mentioned in bracketing can also be used to show a continuation of tone or sound, an abrupt change in thought, or adding new content to the contextc,#id82.

Connectors.Connector marks are used "to indicate the beginning and end of time or space, to indicate quantity, to express the name of a chemical compound, to label a table or illustration, to connect a house number in an address, for a phone number, to separate digits which indicate the year, month and date, or to connect compound nouns and for the romanization, as well as the foreign text in the content".c,#id85

Chinese uses the following punctuation for this.c,#id85

	TC: H, V
～ [U+FF5E FULLWIDTH TILDE]
– [U+2013 EN DASH]
— [U+2014 EM DASH]	-	-

Separators. Interpuncts are used to separate the first name and family name in foreign or minority names rendered using Chinese characters, and with book title marks to separate chapters, articles and volumes in publications.c,#id86

	H	V
· [U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT]

Middle dots sometimes take up only a halfwidth space in Simplified Chinese when used with dates, eg. 2·11.c,#id86

The following characters are not recommended for this purpose: ． [U+FF0E FULLWIDTH FULL STOP], ‧ [U+2027 HYPHENATION POINT], • [U+2022 BULLET], and ・ [U+30FB KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT].c,#id86

More on inline text decoration

When lines or other text decoration are used, they normally appear below horizontal text, and to the left of vertical text. However, emphasis marks appear to the right of a vertical line.

Where both lines and emphasis dots decorate the same run of text, the lines and emphasis dots will usually appear on opposite sides of a vertical line of text, but will normally both appear together below a line of horizontally set text. In horizontal text the line decoration is normally closer to the text than the emphasis dots.

When two underlined items appear side-by-side, the underline should be broken between the two.

If a line of Chinese text contains some text in another language and orthography, the position of any text decoration should follow the Chinese conventions.

Lines alongside the text are used to indicate personal names, rather than emphasis (see inline_propernames). Wavy lines may also be used to mark a title of a book or work of art (see inline_titles).

Emphasis can be indicated using dots alongside the line (see emphasis).

Line & paragraph layout

Line breaking & word wrap

Lines are normally wrapped between characters – word boundaries have no significance for the wrapping. Chinese should, however, take into account a few rules which dictate what characters cannot appear at the end or start of a line.

There is no hyphenation when Chinese characters are wrapped to the next line.

Line start/end rules

The following characters should not normally begin a line. Instead, they should bring the previous Han character with them.c,#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end

。␣．␣，␣、␣：␣；␣！␣‼␣？␣⁇␣～␣-␣–␣—␣·␣・␣‧␣」␣』␣”␣’␣）␣》␣〉␣】␣〗␣〕␣］␣｝

A slightly more strict rule, called GB-style by CLReq, adds the following solidus characters.c,#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end

/␣／

A further level of strictness adds the following to the list. Where 2 characters are listed here, they should ideally not be broken across a line ending, but they may be split to reduce the length of text wrapped onto the next line.c,#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end

⸺␣——␣……␣⋯⋯␣

These rules can be modified by preferences, and in some cases are not observed at all – particularly for Traditional Chinese in Taiwan and Hong Kong, and especially for newsprint, to help deal with narrow columns of text.c,#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end

Also, where several punctuation marks appear together, for example 。』」, moving all characters from the previous line might create too large a gap for justification to handle elegantly, and so punctuation marks might be allowed to appear at the line start.c,#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end

The following characters should not appear at the end of a line.

「␣『␣“␣‘␣（␣《␣〈␣【␣〖␣〔␣［␣｛

Show (default) line-breaking properties for non-ideographic characters in the Chinese orthography described here.

Text alignment & justification

Chinese justifies text using a complex set of rules which adjust the space between characters on a line. Some characters are adjusted before others.

Use the control below to see how your browser justifies the text sample here.

法律之前人人平等,并有权享受法律的平等保护,不受任何歧视。人人有权享受平等保护,以免受违反本宣言的任何歧视行为以及煽动这种歧视的任何行为之害。

Text spacing

This section looks at ways in which spacing is applied between characters over and above that which is introduced during justification.

Baselines, line height, etc

The standard baseline for Han characters is slightly lower than the alphabetic baseline used for Latin characters. Mixed script text needs to align baselines correctly.

Han characters have no ascenders or descenders, but occupy the square space described earlier.

fig_baselines shows metrics for the Heiti TC font. In this font the maximum height of the Han characters reaches slightly higher than the Latin ascenders, but not as low as the Latin descenders.

qhx国家或领 — Font metrics for text in the Heiti TC font.

Interline spacing. Interline spacing should be consistent across all lines in a given text. It should allow a gap of sufficient size to include interlinear text decorations, such as lines for proper names or book titles or dots for emphasis marks. If an interline space is likely to include both line decorations and emphasis marks in a single interline gap, then the interline spacing must be set to accomodate that. (Note that paragraphs on the Web may reflow such that a single interline gap may sometimes contain both line decorations and emphasis dots, while at other times the line may only contain one.)

Counters, lists, etc.

You can experiment with counter styles using the Counter styles converter. Patterns for using these styles in CSS can be found in Ready-made Counter Styles, and we use the names of those patterns here to refer to the various styles.

Chinese text uses a number of different counter styles. Some of the more common include full-width European numbers, which in vertical text stand upright. Unicode has various sets of numbers that can be useful here.

For the dotted-decimal numeric style Unicode provides precomposed characters from 1 to 20.

⒈␣⒉␣⒊␣⒋␣⒌␣⒍␣⒎␣⒏␣⒐␣⒑␣⒒␣⒓␣⒔␣⒕␣⒖␣⒗␣⒘␣⒙␣⒚␣⒛

For the circled-decimal numeric style Unicode provides characters from 1 to 50.

⓪␣①␣②␣③␣④␣⑤␣⑥␣⑦␣⑧␣⑨␣⑩␣⑪␣⑫␣⑬␣⑭␣⑮␣⑯␣⑰␣⑱␣⑲␣⑳␣㉑␣㉒␣㉓␣㉔␣㉕␣㉖␣㉗␣㉘␣㉙␣㉚␣㉛␣㉜␣㉝␣㉞␣㉟␣㊱␣㊲␣㊳␣㊴␣㊵␣㊶␣㊷␣㊸␣㊹␣㊺␣㊻␣㊼␣㊽␣㊾␣㊿

Chinese orthographies also use ideographic characters to create 1 numeric, 2 fixed, 1 cyclic, 1 additive and 2 idiosynchratic styles.

Numeric

The cjk-decimal numeric style is decimal-based and uses these digits.rmcs

〇␣一␣二␣三␣四␣五␣六␣七␣八␣九

Examples:

一␣二␣三␣四␣一一␣二二␣三三␣四四␣一三一␣二四二␣三三三␣四六四

Chinese-specific

Several ideographic-based counter styles have an algorithm that is like an additive style, but has some differences. The algorithm to use can be found in the CSS Counter Styles specification, where they are called Longhand East Asian styles.

These styles are all decimal-based, and use the same algorithm but with different characters. The CSS spec only defines the algorithm up to 9,999, because there appears to be some disagreement about how larger numbers are handled.

The simp-chinese-informal longhand style uses the characters shown just below. The separator for lists is 、 and the numbers can be negative when using the symbol 负.

零␣一␣二␣三␣四␣五␣六␣七␣八␣九␣十␣百␣千

Examples:

一␣二␣三␣四␣十一␣二十二␣三十三␣四十四␣一百三十一␣二百四十二␣三百三十三␣四百六十四

The trad-chinese-informal style uses exactly the same characters, except that the negative symbol is 負.

The simp-chinese-formal longhand style uses the characters shown below. The separator for lists is 、 and the numbers can be negative when using the symbol 负.

零␣壹␣贰␣叁␣肆␣伍␣陆␣柒␣捌␣玖␣拾␣佰␣仟

Examples:

壹␣贰␣叁␣肆␣壹拾壹␣贰拾贰␣叁拾叁␣肆拾肆␣壹佰叁拾壹␣贰佰肆拾贰␣叁佰叁拾叁␣肆佰陆拾肆

The trad-chinese-formal longhand style uses 3 different code points where there is a difference in shape (for 2, 3, and 6), shown below. The separator for lists is 、 and the numbers can be negative when using the symbol 負.

零␣壹␣貳␣參␣肆␣伍␣陸␣柒␣捌␣玖␣拾␣佰␣仟

Examples:

壹␣貳␣參␣肆␣壹拾壹␣貳拾貳␣參拾參␣肆拾肆␣壹佰參拾壹␣貳佰肆拾貳␣參佰參拾參␣肆佰陸拾肆

Fixed

The cjk-earthly-branch fixed style uses the letters shown just below. It is only able to count to 12.

子␣丑␣寅␣卯␣辰␣巳␣午␣未␣申␣酉␣戌␣亥

The cjk-heavenly-stem fixed style uses the letters shown below. It is also only able to count to 10.

甲␣乙␣丙␣丁␣戊␣己␣庚␣辛␣壬␣癸

The circled-ideograph fixed style uses the letters shown below. It is only able to count to 10.

㊀␣㊁␣㊂␣㊃␣㊄␣㊅␣㊆␣㊇␣㊈␣㊉

The parenthesised-ideograph fixed style uses the letters shown below. It is also only able to count to 10.

㈠␣㈡␣㈢␣㈣␣㈤␣㈥␣㈦␣㈧␣㈨␣㈩

Cyclic

The cjk-stem-branch cyclic style uses the pairs of characters shown just below. Once 60 is reached, the list begins over.

甲子␣乙丑␣丙寅␣丁卯␣戊辰␣己巳␣庚午␣辛未␣壬申␣癸酉␣甲戌␣乙亥␣丙子␣丁丑␣戊寅␣己卯␣庚辰␣辛巳␣壬午␣癸未␣甲申␣乙酉␣丙戌␣丁亥␣戊子␣己丑␣庚寅␣辛卯␣壬辰␣癸巳␣甲午␣乙未␣丙申␣丁酉␣戊戌␣己亥␣庚子␣辛丑␣壬寅␣癸卯␣甲辰␣乙巳␣丙午␣丁未␣戊申␣己酉␣庚戌␣辛亥␣壬子␣癸丑␣甲寅␣乙卯␣丙辰␣丁巳␣戊午␣己未␣庚申␣辛酉␣壬戌␣癸亥

Additive

𝍶␣𝍵␣𝍴␣𝍳␣𝍲

The cjk-tally-mark additive style uses the letters shown just above. It is based on only 5 basic characters, which were introduced in Unicode 11. The potential range of this style is very large, but counters rapidly grow in size, so smaller numbers are most likely.

Prefixes and suffixes

The most common suffix is 、 [U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA]. The circled or parenthesised fixed styles have no prefix/suffix.

Examples:

一、二、三、四、五、

Separator for Chinese list counters.

Styling initials

tbd

	labial	dental	alveolar	post- alveolar	retroflex	velar
stops	p	t				k
aspirated	pʰ	tʰ				kʰ
affricates		t͡s		t͡ɕ	t͡ʂ
aspirated		t͡sʰ		t͡ɕʰ	t͡ʂʰ
fricative	f		s	ɕ	ʂ	x
nasal	m		n			ŋ
approximant			l		ɻ

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References

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