This page brings together basic information about the two scripts used to write modern Georgian: Mkedruli and Mtavruli. There is also a brief overview of Khutsuri (Asomtavruli+Nuskhuri). It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Georgian using Unicode.
This page is a work in progress. The information given here should be correct, but needs to be added to and refined further.
Phonological transcriptions on this page should be treated as an approximate guide, only. They are taken from the sources consulted, and may be narrow or broad, phonemic or phonetic, depending on what is available.
Select part of this sample text to show a list of characters, with links to more details. Source
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მუხლი 1.
ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით.
მუხლი 2.
ამ დეკლარაცით გამოცხადებული ყველა უფლება და ყველა თავისუფლება მინიჭებული უნდა ჰქონდეს ყოველ ადამიანს განურჩევლად რაიმე განსხვავების, სახელდობრ, რასის, კანის ფერის, სქესის, ენის, რელიგიის, პოლიტიკური თუ სხვა რწმენის, ეროვნული თუ სოციალური წარმომავლობის, ქონებრივი, წოდებრივი თუ სხვა მდგომარეობისა.
გარდა ამისა, დაუშვებელია რაიმე განსხვავება იმ ქვეყნის თუ ტერიტორიის პოლიტიკური, სამართლებრივი ან საერთაშორისო სტატუსის საფუძველზე, რომელსაც ადამიანი ეკუთვნის, მიუხედავად იმისა, თუ როგორია ეს ტერიტორია - დამოუკიდებელი, სამეურვეო, არათვითმმართველი თუ სხვაგვარად შეზღუდული თავის სევერენიტეტში.
Usage & history
The Georgian language is spoken by approximately 3,900,000 people in Georgia, as well as by 355,000 people in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran.
Characters in the Unicode Georgian blocks represent 4 different letter styles for, with few exceptions, the same phonetic range. Modern Georgian uses only the mkhedruli style of lettering, though occasionally its mtavruli variants are used for emphasis or titles. The asomtavruli and nuskhuri styles are not well understood by ordinary Georgians. They are used together in ecclesiastical texts as the bicameral 'khutsuri' writing system.
The Mkhedruli alphabet is also used for writing the Mingrelian and Svan languages spoken in Georgia, as well as Laz, spoken in Turkey. Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are now used only by the Georgian Orthodox Church, in ceremonial religious texts and iconography.
The earliest uncontested use of the script dates from a 5th century inscription. Scriptsource describes the subsequent development as follows:
Since that time, Georgian has been written in three distinct scripts. The original script was an inscriptional form called Asomtavruli, from which a manuscript form, Nuskhuri, was derived. For a time, these were combined in a bicameral system called Khutsuri in which Asomtavruli letters were used as the upper case and Nushkuri as the lower case. Since the 11th century, a third script has been attested, called Mkhedruli. There is some debate as to the origins of this third script; some scholars say that it evolved from the Khutsuri system, other, that it pre-dates it. What is generally agreed upon is that Mkhedruli was used as a secular script alongside the ecclesiastical Khutsuri until the 18th century, since which time it has been used for nearly all Georgian writing. The three scripts share the same letter names, despite having different letter shapes.
Mkhedruli (მხედრულიmχɛdrulimxɛdruli) is the standard set of characters for writing modern Georgian. It is normally used as a monocased script, even though there are Unicode mappings to uppercase variants (see mtavruli).
For more information about the characters, click on them and follow the links to the character notes page.
Mtavruli
Mtavruli (მხედრული მთავრულიmχɛdruli mtavrulimxɛdruli mtʰɑvruli) is also used for writing modern Georgian. These characters in Unicode are classed as uppercase versions of the mkedruli, however in modern text they are normally used like all-caps rather than at the beginning of a sentence or proper noun, etc. They are typically used to emphasise words or for headings.w,#Mkhedruli
The mtavruli letters are have similar forms to the mkhedruli except that, in principle, all letters written in the mtavruli style appear with an equal height standing on the baseline, similar to small caps in the Latin script.
Dedicated characters were only introduced in Unicode v11. Prior to that, authors had to use special fonts with the mkhedruli code points in order to write mtavruli letters.
At the time of writing, there are still not many Unicode fonts that provide glyphs for the mtavruli characters, and browsers on OS X and iOS browsers map (most) mtavruli letters to mkhedruli glyphs if a font doesn't contain the necessary glyphs.
Ecclesiastical/archaic Georgian scripts
Asomtavruli
Asomtavruli was used for writing historic Georgian inscriptions, and is really only used in liturgical texts now. These characters in Unicode are classed as uppercase versions of the nuskhuri, and in religious texts they are mixed in a similar way to capitals and lowercase characters in the Latin script. This mixture is called khutsuri.
Nuskhuri
Nuskhuri developed as a non-inscriptional alphabet, alongside Asomtravuli, and is also only used in liturgical texts now. These characters in Unicode are classed as lowercase versions of the asomtravuli.
Khutsuri
In religious texts asomtravuli and nuskhuri are mixed in a similar way to capitals and lowercase characters in the Latin script. This mixture is called khutsuri.
The scripts are alphabets. Both consonants and vowels are indicated by letters. See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the orthography of the modern Georgian language, including both mkhedruli and mtavruli.
The script is very close to the phonetics of the language, and all 4 styles generally provide a letter for each sound in a very regular way.
Georgian texts run left to right in horizontal lines.
Words are separated by spaces.
Case is a little special. When asomtavruli and nuskhuri are mixed as khutsuri, then words may be title-cased, and there was an attempt to introduce something similar for mkhedruli in the mid-20th century, but modern Georgian is normally written using lowercase only. If the mtavruli capitals are used, they are applied to a whole word at the minimum, so their use is more akin to ALL-CAPS than to the Capitalisation used in the Latin script.
Mkhedruli has 28 consonant letters. There are 10 vowel letters.
Numbers use ASCII digits.
The visual forms of letters don't usually interact.
These are sounds for the modern Georgian language.
Click on the sounds to reveal locations in this document where they are mentioned.
Phones in a lighter colour are non-native or allophones. Source Wikipedia.
Vowel sounds
Consonant sounds
labial
dental
alveolar
post-
alveolar
palatal
velar
uvular
glottal
stops
b
d
ɡ
ejective
pʼ
tʼ
kʼ
qʼ
aspirated
p⁽ʰ⁾
t⁽ʰ⁾
k⁽ʰ⁾
affricates
d͡z
d͡ʒ
ejective
t͡sʼ
t͡ʃʼ
aspirated
t͡s⁽ʰ⁾
t͡ʃ⁽ʰ⁾
fricative
v
sz
ʃʒ
xɣ
χ
h
nasal
m
n
approximant
l
trill/flap
r
Structure
A feature of the Georgian language is the propensity to cluster consonants, and it does so in 2 ways.
In harmonic clusters, two similar consonants are pronounced with only a single release,wl,#Prosody eg. ბგერაცხოვრებაწყალი
Other clusters of up to 6 (and occasionally more) consonants are also frequent,wl,#Prosody eg. მწვანემთვრალიმწვრთნელი
Vowels
All the character lists in this section show mkedruli above and mtavruli below.
Click on the characters in the lists for detailed information.
ი␣უ␣ე␣ო␣აᲘ␣Უ␣Ე␣Ო␣Ა
Consonants
All the character lists in this section show mkedruli above and mtavruli below.
Click on the characters in the lists for detailed information.
Consonant letters
Stops
ფ␣პ␣ბ␣თ␣ტ␣დ␣ქ␣კ␣გ␣ყᲤ␣Პ␣Ბ␣Თ␣Ტ␣Დ␣Ქ␣Კ␣Გ␣Ყ
Affricates
ც␣წ␣ძ␣ჩ␣ჭ␣ჯᲪ␣Წ␣Ძ␣Ჩ␣Ჭ␣Ჯ
Fricatives
ვ␣ს␣ზ␣შ␣ჟ␣ღ␣ხ␣ჰᲕ␣Ს␣Ზ␣Შ␣Ჟ␣Ღ␣Ხ␣Ჰ
Nasals
მ␣ნᲛ␣Ნ
Other sonorants
რ␣ლᲠ␣Ლ
Consonant clusters
There are no special arrangements for consonant clusters in Georgian.
Other letters
Characters for other languages
The following characters are obsolete in the modern Georgian language, but still used in other languages.l They were removed by the Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians, founded by Prince Ilia Chavchavadze in 1879 because they were redundantw,#Mkhedruli.
IPA values are for the languages that use them. For previous Georgian pronunciation, click on the character to reveal the notes.
ჱ␣ჴ␣ჳ␣ჲᲱ␣Ჴ␣Ჳ␣Ჲ
The above letters are all used for the Svan language, and the 2nd in the list is used also for Mingrelian and Laz.
The characters below were specifically created for use with other languages (Svan and Mingrelian for the first two, and Laz for the last).
ჷ␣ჸ␣ჶᲷ␣Ჸ␣Ჶ
Archaic characters
One Georgian-only character is no longer used (since the 1879 reform).
ჵ␣Ჵ
The characters below were used for other languages in the past, including Bats, Ossetian and Abkhaz.
ჹ␣ჺ␣ჼ␣ჽ␣ჾ␣ჿᲹ␣Ჺ␣ ␣Ჽ␣Ჾ␣Ჿ
Combining marks
Georgian normally has no combining marks, and there are none in the Unicode Georgian block.
It is, however, possible to find a combining accent character used with Laz for certain vowels.
This section brings together information about the following topics:
writing styles;
cursive text;
context-based shaping;
context-based positioning;
baselines, line height, etc.;
font styles;
case & other character transforms.
჻ [U+10FB GEORGIAN PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR] was formerly used to indicate the end of a paragraph, but is not common in modern Georgian. When used, it appeared at the end of the last line in the paragraph.
The following example shows quotation marks used to offset terms.
თავრული სტილი არასოდეს გამოიყენება როგორც ე.წ. „დიდი ასოები“.
Emphasis
Modern Georgian tends to use mtavruli characters for a word or phrase to show emphasis or highlight it. The mtavruli characters are used like ALL-CAPS and applied to whole words or phrases, and never just the first letter in a word.
Abbreviation, ellipsis & repetition
tbd
Inline notes & annotations
tbd
Other inline ranges
tbd
Other punctuation
CLDR lists the following additional punctuation marks.
§␣†␣‡␣′␣″␣‘␣‚
Line & paragraph layout
Line breaking & hyphenation
The primary line-break opportunities for Georgian text are the spaces between words.
Georgian uses hyphenation to fit text to lines better.
An example of hyphenation in Georgian.
Text alignment & justification
tbd
Letter spacing
tbd
Counters, lists, etc.
You can experiment with counter styles using the Counter styles converter. Patterns for using these styles in CSS can be found in Ready-made Counter Styles, and we use the names of those patterns here to refer to the various styles.
The modern Georgian orthography uses an additive style.
Additive
The georgian additive style uses these letters. It is specified for a range between 1 and 19,999. It uses mkhedruli characters, several of which are archaic in written text.
The default list style uses a full stop + space as a suffix.
Examples:
ჵ. ჰ. ჯ. ჴ. ხ.
Separator for Georgian list counters.
Styling initials
tbd
Page & book layout
This section is for any features that are specific to Georgian and that relate to the following topics:
general page layout & progression;
grids & tables;
notes, footnotes, etc;
forms & user interaction;
page numbering, running headers, etc.
Character lists
Version 13.0 of the Unicode Standard has the following blocks dedicated to the Georgian script (numbers in lists are non-ASCII only):
According to ScriptSource, the Georgian script is used for the following languages:
Ecclesiastical/archaic Georgian
All the character lists in this section show asomtavruli to the left and nuskhuri to the right.
Georgian language characters
The following characters are used for the Georgian language.
Vowels
Ⴈ␣Ⴓ␣Ⴄ␣Ⴍ␣Ⴀⴈ␣ⴓ␣ⴄ␣ⴍ␣ⴀ
Stops
Ⴔ␣Ⴎ␣Ⴁ␣Ⴇ␣Ⴒ␣Ⴃ␣Ⴕ␣Ⴉ␣Ⴂ␣Ⴗⴔ␣ⴎ␣ⴁ␣ⴇ␣ⴒ␣ⴃ␣ⴕ␣ⴉ␣ⴂ␣ⴗ
Affricates
Ⴚ␣Ⴜ␣Ⴛ␣Ⴙ␣Ⴝ␣Ⴟⴚ␣ⴜ␣ⴛ␣ⴙ␣ⴝ␣ⴟ
Fricatives
Ⴅ␣Ⴑ␣Ⴆ␣Ⴘ␣Ⴏ␣Ⴞ␣Ⴖ␣Ⴠⴅ␣ⴑ␣ⴆ␣ⴘ␣ⴏ␣ⴞ␣ⴖ␣ⴠ
Nasals
Ⴋ␣Ⴌⴋ␣ⴌ
Liquids
Ⴊ␣Ⴐⴊ␣ⴐ
Characters for other languages
The first 3 characters are obsolete in the Georgian language, but are still used in Svan, Mingrelian, and Laz languages.l The last character in the list was created specifically for use with Svan.
ⴡ␣ⴢ␣ⴣ␣ⴤ␣ⴧჁ␣Ⴢ␣Ⴣ␣Ⴤ␣Ⴧ
Archaic characters
The following characters are archaic. The first pair was used for Georgian, and the second for Ossetian.
Ⴥ␣Ⴭⴥ␣ⴭ
Punctuation, etc.
Khutsuri punctuation has evolved over the centuries. It uses a variety of dots to separate phrases, clauses, and paragraphs.w,#Punctuation
Numbers were traditionally represented using letters.
