ऀ
`, '\u{0901}': `ँ
Nasalises the vowel in a syllable, eg. मुँह
Any vowel in Hindi can be nasalised in this way, except for the vocalics.s
When a vowel-sign rises above the head line, the glyph for this character may be simplified to just a dots, which can be written using an anusvara instead of candrabindu, eg.
हैं
The distinction between use of this character and 0902 is not always clearly defined. For example, snake can be written in both of the following ways:
साँप
सांप
`, '\u{0902}': `ं
m n ŋ An alternative way to represent a nasal that is the first letter in a consonant cluster. It is positioned over the previous consonant, and its pronunciation is homorganic with the following consonant, eg.
संबंधी
हिंदी
जंगल
Most words that use the anusvara can also be written using the consonant itself, eg.
हिन्दी
In some cases, however, the anusvara form is more common. For example, the first of the two following alternatives is much more common.
पंजाब
*पञ्जाब
The distinction between use of this character and 0901 is not always clearly defined. For example, snake can be written in both of the following ways:
साँप
सांप
`, '\u{0903}': `ः
Voiceless h used after a vowel, usually at the end of a word.
पुनः
दुःखी
Mostly limited to Sanskrit loan words.
`, '\u{0904}': `ऄ
`, '\u{0905}': `अ
There is no vowel sign for this letter, as it is the inherent vowel.
ə independent vowel.
अगर
Combinations
The following combinations are treated as letters of the Hindi alphabet:
अं
ə̃ is अं
अंडा
अः
ə(ɦ) is अः
अँ
ə̃ is अँ
अँगरेज़ी
`, '\u{0906}': `आ
aː independent vowel.
आदमी
`, '\u{0907}': `
इ
ɪ independent vowel.
इंसान
`, '\u{0908}': `
ई
iː independent vowel.
ईसाई
`, '\u{0909}': `
उ
ʊ independent vowel.
उड़ना
`, '\u{090A}': `
ऊ
uː eg. ऊपर
`, '\u{090A}': `ऊ
uː independent vowel.
ऊपर
`, '\u{090B}': `
ऋ
ɾɪ vocalic independent vowel.
ऋण
ऋतु
`, '\u{090C}': `
ऌ
`, '\u{090D}': `ऍ
Used for non-native sounds in loan words, especially English.
æ independent vowel.
ऍल्युमिनियम
`, '\u{090E}': `
ऎ
`, '\u{090F}': `ए
eː independent vowel.
एक
`, '\u{0910}': `
ऐ
ɛː independent vowel.
ऐश
`, '\u{0911}': `
ऑ
ɔ Not a native sound for Hindi. Used for English loan words, eg. ऑक्सफ़ोर्ड
`, '\u{0911}': `ऑ
Used for non-native sounds in loan words, especially for English.
ɔ independent vowel.
ऑक्सफ़ोर्ड
`, '\u{0912}': `
ऒ
`, '\u{0913}': `ओ
oː independent vowel.
ओस
`, '\u{0914}': `
औ
ɔː eg. औरत
`, '\u{0914}': `औ
ɔː independent vowel.
औरत
`, '\u{0915}': `
क
k consonant with inherent vowel ə.
कोड
Combinations
क़
q is क़
क़लम
See also 0958, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
क्ष
kʂə is क्ष
क्षारातु
वृक्ष
`, '\u{0916}': `ख
kʰ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
खाना
Combinations
ख़
x is ख़
ख़ून
See also 0959, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
`, '\u{0917}': `ग
ɡ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
गर्दन
Combinations
ग़
ɣ is ग़
ग़ोता
See also 095a, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
`, '\u{0918}': `घ
ɡʱ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
घास
`, '\u{0919}': `
ङ
ŋ consonant with inherent vowel ə. Used only with a velar consonant. Rarely seen in Hindi.
The following examples are alternative spellings of words that are regularly written using 0902 instead of this character:
सङ्गीत
लिङ्ग
Compare with: संगीत लिंग
`, '\u{091A}': `च
t͡ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
चार
`, '\u{091B}': `
छ
t͡ʃʰ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
छोटा
`, '\u{091C}': `
ज
d͡ʒ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
जानवर
Combinations
ज़
z is ज़
ज़हर
See also 095B, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
ज्ञ
ɡj is ज्ञ, which is regarded as a separate letter of the Hindi alphabet.
ज्ञान
कूटनीतिज्ञ
`, '\u{091D}': `झ
d͡ʒʱ consonant with inherent vowel ə. Very rare, used in loanwords from Persian, Portuguese and English. Hindi speakers often use z or d͡ʒ instead.
झील
Combinations
झ़
ʒ is झ़
झ़ूझ़
(There is no precomposed version of this sequence.)
`, '\u{091E}': `ञ
Although nominally a ɲ consonant with inherent vowel ə, this letter is not usually used alone.
Combinations
ज्ञ
ɡjə is ज्ञ
ज्ञान
कूटनीतिज्ञ
`, '\u{091F}': `
ट
ʈ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
टांग
`, '\u{0920}': `
ठ
ʈʰ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
ठंडा
`, '\u{0921}': `
ड
ɖ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
डाब
Combinations
ड़
ɽ is ड़
बड़ा
See also 095C, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
`, '\u{0922}': `ढ
ɖʱ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
ढीला
Combinations
ढ़
ɽʱ is ढ़
गाढ़ा
See also 095D, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
`, '\u{0923}': `ण
ɳ consonant with inherent vowel ə. Brought into Hindi via Sanskrit loan words, but casually pronounced n and ɽ̃ is a common allophone. Does not appear initially.wp,#External_borrowing
रुग्णालय
बाण
Quite commonly found in word-final position.
`, '\u{0924}': `त
t consonant with inherent vowel ə.
तीन
Combinations
त्र
t̪ɾə is त्र, which is regarded as a separate letter of the Hindi alphabet.
त्रिज्या
सूत्र
`, '\u{0925}': `थ
tʰ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
थोड़ा
`, '\u{0926}': `
द
d consonant with inherent vowel ə.
दाँत
`, '\u{0927}': `
ध
dʱ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
धूल
`, '\u{0928}': `
न
n consonant with inherent vowel ə.
नाक
See also 0929.
`, '\u{0929}': `ऩ
Unlike most other Devanagari characters with nukta, although this decomposes to two characters, Unicode NFC produces this precomposed character.
`, '\u{092A}': `प
p eg. पेड़
`, '\u{092A}': `प
p consonant with inherent vowel ə.
पेड़
`, '\u{092B}': `
फ
pʰ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
फूल
Combinations
फ़
f is फ़
सिफ़र
See also 095E, but note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence.
`, '\u{092C}': `ब
b consonant with inherent vowel ə.
बारिश
`, '\u{092D}': `
भ
bʱ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
भारी
`, '\u{092E}': `
म
m consonant with inherent vowel ə.
मक्खन
`, '\u{092F}': `
य
j consonant with inherent vowel ə.
यहाँ
`, '\u{0930}': `
र
r consonant with inherent vowel ə.
रात
Combinations
त्र
t̪ɾ is त्र, which is regarded as a separate letter of the Hindi alphabet.
Shaping
The shape of 0941 and 0942 is slightly unusual when following this letter, ie.
रु रू
When this letter follows another consonant, it is typically rendered as a small, diagonal line to the left, eg.
क्र ग्र भ्र
After 6 consonants, however, it is rendered as an upside-down v shape below, ie.
ट्र ठ्र ड्र ढ्र ड़्र छ्र
See also त्र above.
When RA precedes another consonant, it is rendered as a small hook above the vertical line in the cluster, eg.
र्क र्ल
Where it precedes a cluster using half-forms, it is aligned with the vertical line of the trailing consonant, eg.
र्स्प r͓s͓p
However, if there is a spacing vowel-sign with a vertical line to the right of the cluster, it aligns with that, eg.
र्का र्की
`, '\u{0931}': `ऱ
Unlike most other Devanagari characters with nukta, although this decomposes to two characters, Unicode NFC produces this precomposed character.
`, '\u{0932}': `ल
l consonant with inherent vowel ə.
लाल
`, '\u{0933}': `
ळ
`, '\u{0934}': `ऴ
`, '\u{0935}': `व
w and ʋ, consonants with inherent vowel ə. Both are allophones of the same phoneme. w is a variant of ʋ commonly occuring between a consonant and vowel.
व्रत
पकवान
Native speakers tend to use the correct pronunciation without awareness of the difference.ws,#Allophony_of_'v'_and_'w'_in_Hindi
`, '\u{0936}': `श
ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
शक्ति
Combinations
श़
ʒ is श़, however this is rare and modern orthography uses झ़ instead@Wiktionary,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BC#Hindi
`, '\u{0937}': `
ष
ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ə.
भाषण
Combinations
क्ष
kʂ is क्ष, which is regarded as a separate letter of the Hindi alphabet.
क्षारातु
वृक्ष
`, '\u{0938}': `स
s consonant with inherent vowel ə.
सफ़ेद
`, '\u{0939}': `
ह
ɦ eg. हवा
`, '\u{0939}': `ह
h consonant with inherent vowel ə.
हवा
`, '\u{093A}': `
ऺ
`, '\u{093B}': `ऻ
`, '\u{093C}': `़
Adapts a consonant to represent a non-native sound. See the following Hindi consonants, but note that these are normally represented by the combination of nukta with the consonant. (See more details about encoding choices.)
Combinations
क़
q is क़
क़लम
फ़
f is फ़
हाफ़िज़
ज़
z is ज़
हाफ़िज़
झ़
ʒ is झ़
झ़ूझ़
श़
ʒ is श़ (rare) Modern orthography uses झ़ instead (see just above).
ख़
x is ख़
नाख़ुन
ग़
ɣ is ग़
ग़ोता
ड़
ɽ is ड़
बड़ा
ढ़
ɽʱ is ढ़
गाढ़ा
In the sequence of characters, this comes immediately after the consonant, and before any combining vowel-sign or diacritic associated with a character.
`, '\u{093D}': `ऽ
Used to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shoutws, eg. आईऽऽऽ! <aiii!>
Originally it was a Sanskrit elision mark.
`, '\u{093E}': `ा
aː vowel sign.
लाल
`, '\u{093F}': `
ि
ɪ vowel sign.
हिंदी
`, '\u{0940}': `
ी
iː vowel sign.
तीन
`, '\u{0941}': `
ु
ʊ vowel sign.
कुत्ता
`, '\u{0942}': `
ू
uː vowel sign.
फूल
`, '\u{0943}': `
ृ
ɾɪ vocalic vowel sign.
वृक्ष
`, '\u{0944}': `
ॄ
`, '\u{0945}': `ॅ
Used for non-native sounds in loan words, especially English.
æ vowel-sign.
ट्रॅक्टर
`, '\u{0946}': `
ॆ
`, '\u{0947}': `े
eː vowel sign.
बेटा
`, '\u{0948}': `
ै
ɛː vowel sign.
हैवान
`, '\u{0949}': `
ॉ
Used for non-native sounds in loan words, especially for English.
ɔ vowel-sign.
कॉमेडी
`, '\u{094A}': `
ॊ
`, '\u{094B}': `ो
oː vowel sign.
टोपी
`, '\u{094C}': `
ौ
ɔː vowel sign.
चौड़ा
`, '\u{094D}': `
्
Used after a consonant to indicate that the inherent vowel is suppressed. Called halant in Hindi.
This is rarely seen in Hindi. Absence of the inherent vowel is covered by general orthographic rules at the end of a word and in a penultimate syllable when a word has three or more syllables and ends with a vowel-sign. In these cases, this character is not used, eg. क़लम मछली
This is also used in consonant clusters, but in almost all cases it produces a conjunct form that indicates the clustering, and the halant, though present in the text, is not shown, eg. मछली पत्नी
Nevertheless, it may appear in a handful of words, or where the font cannot produce a conjunct form, eg. पश्चात् एड्स स्विट्ज़रलैंड
`, '\u{094E}': `ॎ
`, '\u{094F}': `ॏ
`, '\u{0950}': `ॐ
oːm A sacred syllable and mantra in Hinduism and Buddhism.
The name for the written sign is omkara, and it is derived from a cursive combination of the letters 0905 0909 0901.
`, '\u{0951}': `॑
`, '\u{0952}': `॒
`, '\u{0953}': `॓
`, '\u{0954}': `॔
`, '\u{0955}': `ॕ
`, '\u{0956}': `ॖ
`, '\u{0957}': `ॗ
`, '\u{0958}': `क़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
q precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 0915 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 0915.
`, '\u{0959}': `ख़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
x precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 0916 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 0916.
`, '\u{095A}': `ग़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
ɣ precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 0917 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 0917.
`, '\u{095B}': `ज़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
z precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 091C 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 091C.
`, '\u{095C}': `ड़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
ɽ precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 0921 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 0921.
`, '\u{095D}': `ढ़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
ɽʱ precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 0922 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 0922.
`, '\u{095E}': `फ़
The decomposed sequence is recommended.
f precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ə.
Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence 092B 093C. It is generally recommended to use the decomposed sequence rather than this precomposed letter.
See also 092B.
`, '\u{095F}': `य़
`, '\u{0960}': `ॠ
ɾɪː vocalic independent vowel.
`, '\u{0961}': `
ॡ
`, '\u{0962}': `ॢ
`, '\u{0963}': `ॣ
`, '\u{0964}': `।
Sentence-final punctuation, common to several indic scripts.
`, '\u{0965}': `॥
Marks boundaries of text above the sentence level, common to several indic scripts.
`, '\u{0966}': `०
0 digit.
`, '\u{0967}': `१
1 digit.
`, '\u{0968}': `२
2 digit.
`, '\u{0969}': `३
3 digit.
`, '\u{096A}': `४
4 digit.
`, '\u{096B}': `५
5 digit.
`, '\u{096C}': `६
6 digit.
`, '\u{096D}': `७
7 digit.
`, '\u{096E}': `८
8 digit.
`, '\u{096F}': `९
9 digit.
`, '\u{0970}': `॰
Indicates abbreviations of words, eg. रुपया rupyā rupee can be abbreviated as रु॰
`, '\u{0971}': `ॱ
`, '\u{0972}': `ॲ
`, '\u{0973}': `ॳ
`, '\u{0974}': `ॴ
`, '\u{0975}': `ॵ
`, '\u{0976}': `ॶ
`, '\u{0977}': `ॷ
`, '\u{0978}': `ॸ
`, '\u{0979}': `ॹ
`, '\u{097A}': `ॺ
`, '\u{097B}': `ॻ
`, '\u{097C}': `ॼ
`, '\u{097D}': `ॽ
`, '\u{097E}': `ॾ
`, '\u{097F}': `ॿ
`, // Devanagari extended '\u{A8E0}': `꣠
`, '\u{A8E1}': `꣡
`, '\u{A8E2}': `꣢
`, '\u{A8E3}': `꣣
`, '\u{A8E4}': `꣤
`, '\u{A8E5}': `꣥
`, '\u{A8E6}': `꣦
`, '\u{A8E7}': `꣧
`, '\u{A8E8}': `꣨
`, '\u{A8E9}': `꣩
`, '\u{A8EA}': `꣪
`, '\u{A8EB}': `꣫
`, '\u{A8EC}': `꣬
`, '\u{A8ED}': `꣭
`, '\u{A8EE}': `꣮
`, '\u{A8EF}': `꣯
`, '\u{A8F0}': `꣰
`, '\u{A8F1}': `꣱
`, '\u{A8F2}': `ꣲ
`, '\u{A8F3}': `ꣳ
`, '\u{A8F4}': `ꣴ
`, '\u{A8F5}': `ꣵ
`, '\u{A8F6}': `ꣶ
`, '\u{A8F7}': `ꣷ
`, '\u{A8F8}': `꣸
`, '\u{A8F9}': `꣹
`, '\u{A8FA}': `꣺
`, '\u{A8FB}': `ꣻ
`, '\u{A8FC}': `꣼
`, '\u{A8FD}': `ꣽ
`, '\u{A8FE}': `ꣾ
`, '\u{A8FF}': `ꣿ
`, // Currency symbols '\u{20A8}': `₨
A symbol not formally tied to any particular currency. (See also 20B9.)u
There are also a number of script-specific rupee symbols encoded for historic usage by various scripts of India such as the following:u
Rupee is also the common name for a number of currencies for other countries of South Asia and of Indonesia, as well as several historic currencies. It is often abbreviated using Latin letters, or may be spelled out or abbreviated in the Arabic script, depending on local conventions.u
`, '\u{20B9}': `₹
Introduced by the Government of India in 2010 as the official currency symbol for the Indian rupee (INR).u
It is distinguished from 20A8, which is an older symbol not formally tied to any particular currency.u Follow that link for more information about the rupee.
`, // General punctuation // ".. '\u{201C}': ` `, // .." '\u{201D}': ` `, // '.. '\u{2018}': ` `, // ..' '\u{2019}': ` `, // ; '\u{003B}': ` `, // : '\u{003A}': ` `, // . '\u{002E}': ` `, // ? '\u{003F}': ` `, // ! '\u{0021}': ` `, // ( '\u{0028}': ` `, // ) '\u{0029}': ` `, // … '\u{2026}': ` `, // – '\u{2013}': ` `, // — '\u{2014}': ` `, // zwj '\u{200D}': `Creates glyph joining behaviour in the absence of normal joining contexts.
`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `Prevents glyph joining behaviour.
`, }