/* */ var charDetails = { '\u{0980}': ` `, '\u{0981}': `

ঁ

◌̃ nasalisation marker.

Appears over the top of an independent vowel, but over the basic consonant when a vowel sign is attached, not over the vowel sign, eg.

হ্যাঁ

হাঁপান

ইঁদুর

In the sequence of characters, this should occur after any combining vowel sign associated with the same syllable.

ʧɔndrobindu means moon dot.

`, '\u{0982}': `

ং

-ŋ final consonant.

বাংলা

In the sequence of characters, this should occur after any combining vowel sign associated with the same syllable. It never has a vowel sign.

Sometimes spelling is inconsistent, especially when this or ঙ are used in a conjunct, eg. compare the following সাঙঘাতিক সাংঘাতিক রঙ রং

However, in certain words the spelling is fixed, eg.

বাংলা

Since this cannot support vowel signs, the word for Bengali nation (rather than language) has to be spelled with ঙ, ie.

বাঙালী

`, '\u{0983}': `

ঃ

This sign has three different effects:

In the sequence of characters, this should occur after any combining vowel sign associated with the same syllable.

`, '\u{0985}': `

অ

ɔ independent vowel.

অঙ্ক

According to Radicer,275, where the vowel harmony effect applies this may be pronounced phonetically as o if the vowel in the following syllable is one of i or u.

There is no equivalent vowel sign, since this equates to the inherent vowel when preceded by a consonant.

Combinations

অ্যা

æ is অ্যা to produce the sound æ for loan words.

অ্যানথ্রাক্স

`, '\u{0986}': `

আ

a independent vowel.

আকাশ

`, '\u{0987}': `

ই

i independent vowel.

ইংরেজ

i̯ independent vowel, as the offglide of a diphthong.

ভাই

According to Radicer,275, where the vowel harmony effect applies this may be pronounced phonetically as e if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ, o, e or a.

`, '\u{0988}': `

ঈ

i independent vowel.

ঈগল

iː independent vowel.

ঈদ

Modern Bengali has lost the systematic distinction between short and long i vowels in pronunciation, but retains the difference in spelling.

`, '\u{0989}': `

উ

u independent vowel, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

উঁচু

u̯ independent vowel, as the offglide of a diphthong.

লাউ

According to Radicer,275, where the vowel harmony effect applies this may be pronounced phonetically as o if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e a.

`, '\u{098A}': `

ঊ

u independent vowel, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

ঊনআশি

Bengali has lost the systematic distinction between short and long u vowels in pronunciation, but retains the difference in spelling.

`, '\u{098B}': `

ঋ

ri independent vocalic, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

ঋতু

`, '\u{098C}': `

ঌ

Archaic. Only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

li independent vocalic.

`, '\u{098F}': `

এ

e independent vowel, including where the vowel harmony effect applies if the vowel in the following syllable is one of i u.

একটু

æ independent vowel where the vowel harmony effect applies, if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e a.

একবার

That sound is also common in words borrowed from English, eg.

একাউন্ট

Combinations

এ্যা

æ is also এ্যা

এ্যাডভোকেট

`, '\u{0990}': `

ঐ

oi̯ independent vowel, (diphthong).

ঐতিহাসিক

`, '\u{0993}': `

ও

o independent vowel, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

ওস্তাদ

According to Radicer,275, where the vowel harmony effect applies this may be pronounced phonetically as u if the vowel in the following syllable is one of i u, and ɔ if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e a.

o̯ independent vowel, as the offglide of a diphthong.

তওবার

দুঃখও

Combinations

The sequence ওয় is relatively common, and is transcribed variously in IPA as o̯w or w or u̯, eg. লওয়া দাওয়াত যাওয়া

In one case this occurs word-initially with the transcription wa ওয়াদা

`, '\u{0994}': `

ঔ

ou̯ independent vowel (diphthong).

ঔষুধ

`, '\u{0995}': `

ক

k consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

কলম

Combinations

ক্ষ

kʰ is ক্ষ when initial.

ক্ষুদ্র

kkʰ is ক্ষ in the middle of a word.

শিক্ষা

The conjunct above is called khiyɔ and is often treated as a letter of the alphabet in that some dictionaries give it it's own section.

ক্ষ্য

kkʰ is also ক্ষ্য

লক্ষ্য

ক্ষ্ম

kkʰ is also ক্ষ্ম

লক্ষ্মীপেঁচা

ক্ষ্ন

kkʰn is ক্ষ্ন

`, '\u{0996}': `

খ

kʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

খবর

`, '\u{0997}': `

গ

g consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

গতকাল

Shape variants

When combined with 09C1 the form গু is common in handwriting and older typefaces. The u can also be written below the consonant, especially in newspapers, ie.

গ‌ু

`, '\u{0998}': `

ঘ

ɡʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ঘর

`, '\u{0999}': `

ঙ

ŋ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ঝিঙা

ŋɡ Some speakers will pronounce a hard ɡ, while others will either soften it or omit it in a word like the following:

বাঙালী

`, '\u{099A}': `

চ

t͡ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

চক্র

Combinations

চ্ছ্ব

ccʰ is চ্ছ্ব

`, '\u{099B}': `

ছ

t͡ʃʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ছাতা

Aspiration is stronger at the beginning of a word than in the middle or at the end.

s when pronounced by some people.

Combinations

চ্ছ্ব

ccʰ is চ্ছ্ব

`, '\u{099C}': `

জ

d͡ʒ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

জগৎ

In Bangladesh this can sound more like z, especially in words of Perso-Arabic origin.

z consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

নামাজ

Combinations

ɡj is জ্ঞ.

বিজ্ঞাপন

জ্ঞ

ɡ is জ্ঞ at the beginning of a word.

জ্ঞান

ɡɡ is জ্ঞ between vowels.

বিজ্ঞান

জ্জ্ব

jj is জ্জ্ব

(Note how it also changes a following a to æ.)

`, '\u{099D}': `

ঝ

d͡ʒʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ঝড়

`, '\u{099E}': `

ঞ

n consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o, although independent use, in words like the following, is very rare.

গাঞি

Usually only used in conjuncts such as ñc, ñj, ñjh, jñ, etc. eg.

অঞ্চল

Combinations

জ্ঞ

ɡ is জ্ঞ at the beginning of a word.

জ্ঞান

ɡɡ is জ্ঞ between vowels.

বিজ্ঞান

(Note how it also changes a following a to æ.)

`, '\u{099F}': `

ট

ʈ eg. টাকা

Bengali retroflex consonants do not involve the tongue being curled around or pointed vertically upwards, as in other Indic languages. The tip of the tongue is touched against the alveolar ridge.

`, '\u{099F}': `

ট

ʈ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

টাকা

Bengali retroflex consonants do not involve the tongue being curled around or pointed vertically upwards, as in other Indic languages. The tip of the tongue is touched against the alveolar ridge.

`, '\u{09A0}': `

ঠ

ʈʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ঠাণ্ডা

`, '\u{09A1}': `

ড

ɖ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ডাক্তার

Combinations

ড়

ɽ is ড়

ঘোড়া

`, '\u{09A2}': `

ঢ

ɖʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ঢেউ

Rather uncommon, even though it is used in the name of the Bangladeshi capital, and some other quite common words, eg.

ঢাকা

Combinations

ঢ়

ɽ(ʱ) is ঢ়

আষাঢ়

রাঢ়

`, '\u{09A3}': `

ণ

n consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

হরিণ

Combinations

হ্ণ

nʱ nn is হ্ণ

`, '\u{09A4}': `

ত

t consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o. The tongue is further forward than the English t.

তারা

Combinations

ত্ব

tt is ত্ব

গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

ত্ম

tt is also ত্ম

আত্মহত্যা

ত্ম্য

tt is also ত্ম্য

ত্র

tr is ত্র

যাত্রা

স্ত

st is স্ত

পুস্তক

স্ত্য

stt is স্ত্য

স্ত্র

str is স্ত্র

স্ত্রী

Special vowel combinations

The syllable ntu, ন্তু, can be written in modern typefaces with the u below the nt conjunct, but in older print a special arrangement incorporates all three sounds together, eg.

কিন্তু

The combination tru is represented by ত্রু.

Khanda ta

In some words a t that has no following inherent or other vowel may have a shape like ৎ. It is called খণ্ড ত kʰn͓̈ɖ t kʰɔnɖo tɔ. It either comes at the end of words, or before a consonant that doesn't naturally combine with tɔ, eg. হঠাৎ উৎসব

Many such words, however, use ত. It's not possible to say which will be used.

Unicode 4.1 added a separate character for khɔɳɖȏ tɔ, ৎ, which should be used when this shape is needed. (This replaces a previous approach that required the use of 09A4 09CD 200D.)

`, '\u{09A5}': `

থ

tʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

থামা

When the English sound 'th' as in 'thin' is transliterated into Bengali, this is the sound that is used.

Combinations

থ্ব

ttʰ is থ্ব

স্থ

stʰ is স্থ

স্বাস্থ্য

`, '\u{09A6}': `

দ

d consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o. Produced with the teeth firmly against the top front teeth.

দাদী

When the English sound 'th' as in 'then' is transliterated into Bengali, this is the sound that is used.

Combinations

দ্ব

d is দ্ব

দ্বীপ

দ্ব্য

dd is দ্ব্য

দ্ম

dd is also দ্ম

পদ্ম

`, '\u{09A7}': `

ধ

dʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ধন্যবাদ

Combinations

ধ্ব

dʰ~ddʰ is also ধ্ব

ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি

`, '\u{09A8}': `

ন

n consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

নদী

Special vowel combinations

The syllable ntu can be written in modern typefaces with the u below the nt conjunct, but in older print a special arrangement incorporates all three sounds together, eg.

কিন্তু

Combinations

ক্ষ্ন

kkʰn is ক্ষ্ন

স্ন

sn is স্ন

স্নেহ

হ্ন

nʱ nn is হ্ন

`, '\u{09AA}': `

প

p consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

পথ

`, '\u{09AB}': `

ফ

pʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ফুটি

f consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

সফর

pf consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ফটো

Some pronounce as pʰ with aspiration, but many (especially in Bangladesh) pronounce more like f. In West Bengal it is more like the pf in the German 'pfennig', and this is a fairly standard rendering.

`, '\u{09AC}': `

ব

b consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o when not in a conjunct.

বড়

The v in Sanskrit has disappeared in Bengali, to be replaced by b, eg.

বিষ্ণু

Combinations

Called bɔ-pfɔlɑ ব-ফলা when non-initial in conjuncts, it affects pronunciation in the following ways.

∅ as a second element in a word initial conjunct, eg.

স্বামী

জ্বর

Lengthens consonants in conjuncts between vowels, eg.

বিশ্ব

সম্বন্ধে

In words of English or Sanskrit origin it is sometimes still pronounced b in the conjunct ম্ব, eg.

নম্বর

Unusual conjunct pronunciations

হ্ব

bʱ is হ্ব

জিহ্বা

ত্ব

tt is ত্ব

গুরুত্বপূর্ণ

থ্ব

ttʰ is থ্ব

দ্ব

dd is দ্ব

মালদ্বীপ

দ্ব্য

dd is দ্ব্য

ধ্ব

ddʰ is ধ্ব

ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি

চ্ছ্ব

ccʰ is চ্ছ্ব

শ্ব

ʃʃ is শ্ব

বিশ্ব

ম্ব

mm mb is ম্ব

সম্বন্ধে

জ্জ্ব

jj is জ্জ্ব

`, '\u{09AD}': `

ভ

bʰ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ভাল

v sometimes.

ভিয়েতনাম

`, '\u{09AE}': `

ম

m consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

মজার

Combinations

Lengthens consonants as the final letter in a conjunct.

ত্ম

tt is ত্ম

আত্মহত্যা

ত্ম্য

tt is ত্ম্য

দ্ম

dd is দ্ম

পদ্ম

ক্ষ্ম

kkʰ is ক্ষ্ম

লক্ষ্মীপেঁচা

স্মৃ

sri is স্মৃ with a vocalic r vowel sign.

স্মৃতি

শ্ম

ʃʃ is শ্ম

শ্মশ্রু

ষ্ম

ʃʃ is ষ্ম

গ্রীষ্ম

স্ম

ʃʃ is স্ম, with perhaps some nasalisation of the preceding vowel.

ভস্ম

ম্ব

mm mb is ম্ব

সম্বন্ধে

হ্ম

mʱ mm is হ্ম

ফাহ্মী

ল্ম

ll is ল্ম

`, '\u{09AF}': `

য

d͡ʒ- consonant/consonant lengthener with inherent vowel ɔ o, when not in a conjunct, and usually at the beginning of a word.

যখন

-æ consonant/consonant lengthener with inherent vowel ɔ o.

Conjunct pronunciations

When it occurs as the last member of a consonant cluster it has a special shape yaphala, and is called ʤɔ-pfɔlɑ য-ফলা. The effects on pronunciation are as follows:

Unusual conjunct pronunciations

Conjuncts formed with y̌ɔ-phɔla are unusual because the y̌ɔ-phɔla is reduced but not the preceding base, eg. ক + য = ক্য. This is the default form when y̌ɔ-phɔla follows 09CD.

্য

æ is ্য

্যা

æ is ্যা

ত্ম্য

tt is ত্ম্য

দ্ব্য

dd is দ্ব্য

ক্ষ্য

kkʰ is ক্ষ্য

লক্ষ্য

স্ত্য

stt is স্ত্য

হ্য

jj is হ্য

Conjuncts with RA

An exception to the rule for shaping of y̌ɔ-phɔla can occur when 09B0 is the first letter in the conjunct. This combination is typically rendered using the reph and a full ɔntɔḥsthô y̌ɔ, eg.

সূর্য

Sometimes, however, this same sequence of characters may be rendered using the ordinary y̌ɔ-phɔla after a full form rɔ, ie. র‌্য. The Unicode Standard recommends that this be achieved using 200D, as the sequence 09B0 200C 09CD 09AF.

Following independent vowels

y̌ɔ-phɔla can also be used after independent vowels to create the standalone sound æ. It is used mostly in transliterations of borrowed words, eg.

অ্যা

æ is অ্যা

অ্যাটর্নি

হোয়াটসঅ্যাপ

এ্যা

æ is also এ্যা

এ্যাডভোকেট

With nukta

This code point is very often followed by 09BC, in which cases it represents the sounds j, w, e. See also 09DF.

য়

j e̯ is য়

কুশিয়ার

`, '\u{09B0}': `

র

r consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o, rolled, usually occurs word-initially.

রওয়া

ɾ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o, flap, tends to be the pronunciation in medial and final position.

সমীরণ

There is no decomposition for this character, even though it looks like other characters with nukta.

Conjunct appearance

When it occurs as the second element in a conjunct it is typically written as a wavy horizontal line called rɔ-pfɔlɑ (র-ফলা), so ব + র = ব্র, eg.

যাত্রা

When it occurs as the first element in a conjunct it is typically written as a diagonal stroke above the consonant that follows it called repf (রেফ), so র + য = র্য, eg.

বর্ণ

Unusual vowel combinations

To avoid clashing with the dot, the vowel sign for 09C1 appears to the side when attached to rɔ, eg. শুরু

Similarly, the vowel sign for 09C2 appears to the side, ie. রূ, when attached to rɔ, eg. রূপ

Combinations

ত্র

tr is ত্র

যাত্রা

শ্র

sr is শ্র

বিশ্রী

স্ত্র

str is স্ত্র

স্ত্রী

`, '\u{09B2}': `

ল

l consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o. Never a dark l.

লাল

Unusual conjunct pronunciations

ল্ম

ll is ল্ম

`, '\u{09B6}': `

শ

ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

শাপ

s possible in Bangladesh, or in English words that use the sound s.

Unusual vowel combinations

When combined with u the form শু is common in handwriting and older typefaces, eg.

শুধু

The u can also be written below the consonant, especially in newspapers.

Combinations

শ্র

sr is শ্র

বিশ্রী

শ্ব

ʃʃ is শ্ব

বিশ্ব

শ্ম

ʃ(ʃ) is শ্ম

শ্মশান

`, '\u{09B7}': `

ষ

ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

ষড়যন্ত্র

মানুষ

Combinations

This character is a component of the commonly occurring consonant cluster 0995 09CD 09B7.

শিক্ষা

Unusual conjunct pronunciations

ক্ষ

kʰ kːʰ is ক্ষ

ক্ষণ

বৃক্ষ

ক্ষ্য

kkʰ is ক্ষ্য

লক্ষ্য

ক্ষ্ম

kkʰ is ক্ষ্ম

লক্ষ্মীপেঁচা

ক্ষ্ন

kkʰn is ক্ষ্ন

ষ্ম

ʃʃ is ষ্ম

গ্রীষ্ম

`, '\u{09B8}': `

স

ʃ consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

সকাল

s possible in Bangladesh, or in English words that use the sound s.

Conjunct pronunciations

স্ত

st is স্ত

ওস্তাদ

স্ত্য

stt is স্ত্য

স্ত্র

str is স্ত্র

স্ত্রী

স্থ

stʰ is স্থ

পাকস্থলী

স্ন

sn is স্ন

স্নেহ

স্মৃ

sri is স্মৃ

স্মৃতি

স্ম

ʃʃ is স্ম, may involve some nasalisation of the preceding vowel.

ভস্ম

`, '\u{09B9}': `

হ

h consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o.

হল

Shape variants

hṛ traditionally looks like হৃ, although modern computer typefaces tend to put the normal vowel sign under the consonant, eg.

হৃদয়

Also, hu traditionally looks like হু.

Combinations

হ্ব

bʱ is হ্ব

জিহ্বা

হ্ম

mʱ mm is হ্ম

ফাহ্মী

হ্ন

nʱ nn is হ্ন

হ্ণ

nʱ nn is হ্ণ

হ্য

jj is হ্য

`, '\u{09BC}': `

়

Extends the alphabet to create more characters. Used in the following combinations:

Combinations

ড়

ɽ is ড়

গাড়ি

ঢ়

ɽ(ʱ) is ঢ়

রাঢ়

য়

j e̯ is য়

শয়তান

In the sequence of characters in a syllable, this comes before any combining vowel sign or virama.

A set of atomic characters are encoded in the Unicode Bengali block, but the Standard recommends the use of the decomposed sequences instead. The atomic characters are:

`, '\u{09BD}': `

ঽ

A Sanskrit-derived symbol that is used in modern Bengali to lengthen vowel sounds,wa,#Diacritics_and_other_symbols eg.

কিঽঽঽ? kiiii Whaaatt?

শুনঽঽঽ ʃunooo Listennn

`, '\u{09BE}': `

া

a vowel sign.

কাটা

æ after জ্ঞ ʤ͓ñ.

জ্ঞান

বিজ্ঞান

æ also when following y̌ɔ-phɔla, eg.

হ্যাঁ

ব্যাঙ্ক

There are exceptions to the previous rule, when the a-kar produces its normal value, eg.

ব্যাখ্যা

সন্ধ্যা

Combinations

্যা

æ is ্যা

এ্যা

æ is এ্যা

অ্যা

æ is অ্যা

`, '\u{09BF}': `

ি

i vowel sign.

বিড়ি

e where the vowel harmony effect applies, if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e or a.

বিড়াল

This vowel sign appears to the left of the base consonant.

`, '\u{09C0}': `

ী

i vowel sign.

তটিনী

Bengali has generally lost the distinction between short and long i vowels in pronunciation, but retains the difference in spelling.

`, '\u{09C1}': `

ু

u vowel sign, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

মুখ

Shape variants.

09B0 09C1 moves the vowel-sign to the side, which avoids clashes with the dot, eg.

রুগী

09B6 09C1 and
0997 09C1 are common in handwriting and older typefaces, eg.

শুধু

বেগুন

In more modern typefaces, especially in newspapers, the vowel-sign may be simply appended below the preceding character, rather than using these ligated forms.

09B9 09C1 is another traditional ligature.

`, '\u{09C2}': `

ূ

u vowel sign, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

খূব

Bengali has lost the rigourous distinction between short and long u vowels in pronunciation, but retains the difference in spelling.

Shape variants.

রূ [U+09B0 BENGALI LETTER RA + U+09C2 BENGALI VOWEL SIGN UU] moves the vowel-sign to the side, avoiding a clash with the dot, eg.

রূপ

`, '\u{09C3}': `

ৃ

ri vocalic vowel sign.

বৃহৎ

Shape variants.

The vowel sign is attached to the bottom of the consonant, but some computer typefaces position it slightly to the right.

09B9 09C3 is the traditional form for this combination, but modern computer typefaces tend to put the normal vowel sign under the consonant.

হৃদয়

Combinations

স্মৃ

sri is স্মৃ

স্মৃতি

`, '\u{09C4}': `

ৄ

Historic character, only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

`, '\u{09C7}': `

ে

e vowel sign, including where the vowel harmony effect applies, if the vowel in the following syllable is one of i u.

বেগ

বেগুন

æ, phonetically, where the vowel harmony effect applies, if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e a.

বেলা

The pronounciation æ is generally used in common words and certain verb forms, eg.

কেন

কেমন

Some speakers in Bangladesh may not clearly distinguish between the æ and e, but they do know which is appropriate if asked.

Shape variants.

In higher quality printing the horizontal line may be omitted at the beginning of a word.

This vowel sign is displayed before its base, but stored after.

`, '\u{09C8}': `

ৈ

oi̯ vowel sign, diphthong.

তৈরি

The same sound can also be represented by the inherent vowel plus 0987, eg.

বই

The combination 0993 0987 can also occur, eg.

ওই

This vowel sign is displayed before its base, but stored after.

`, '\u{09CB}': `

ো

o vowel sign, pronounced with the lips very rounded.

বোন

u where the vowel harmony effect applies, if the vowel in the following syllable is one of i u.

কোকিল

ʊ originally, and that pronunciation sometimes persists alongside the o that came from Sanskritwa,#cite_note-%C9%9B-6.

নোংরা

ɔ if the vowel in the following syllable is one of ɔ o e a.

বোকা

Inconsistent spellings sometimes arise with this letter due to the sound o being also an inherent vowel sound, eg. bhalo, good, well can be spelled either ভালো or ভাল.

Alternative code points.

The vowel sign appears on both sides of the base. The vowel sign can also be represented in Unicode by 09C7 09BE, but this is for compatibility with encodings that represent the vowel in this way. Normally you should not use that approach.

`, '\u{09CC}': `

ৌ

ou̯ diphthong, eg. নৌকো

Alternative code points. The vowel sign appears on both sides of the base. The vowel sign can also be represented in Unicode by  ে [U+09C7 BENGALI VOWEL SIGN E] +  ৗ [U+09D7 BENGALI AU LENGTH MARK], but this is for compatibility with encodings that represent the vowel in this way. Normally you should not use that approach.

`, '\u{09CC}': `

ৌ

ou̯ vowel sign, diphthong.

নৌকো

Alternative code points.

The vowel sign appears on both sides of the base. The vowel sign can also be represented in Unicode by 09C7 09D7, but this is for compatibility with encodings that represent the vowel in this way. Normally you should not use that approach.

`, '\u{09CD}': `

Used between two consonants to create a conjunct form, in which case it is invisible, eg. ক্ষ [U+0995 BENGALI LETTER KA + U+09CD BENGALI SIGN VIRAMA + U+09B7 BENGALI LETTER SSA]

Sometimes it is visible below the first consonant in a cluster, either because the font doesn't have a particular conjunct ligature, but also in places where the phonology is unusual, eg. ফ্‌ল্যাট লান্‌চ

These may also be spelled with conjuncts, eg. ফ্ল্যাট

It is also quite common to see it when used to distinguish words that are etymologically related, but distinct phonetically, such as উদ্‌যাপন and উদ্যান.

This character should always be positioned before any combining vowel mark in memory.

`, '\u{09CE}': `

ৎ

-t final consonant, with the tongue further forward than the English t. Used either at the end of a word, or before a consonant that doesn't naturally combine with 09A4.

হঠাৎ

উৎসব

সৎমা

This is a variant form of 09A4 that was added to Unicode 4.1 as a separate character and should be used when this shape is needed. (It replaces an earlier approach that required the use of 09A4 09CD 200D.)

Many words, however, still use 09A4. It's not possible to say which will be used, eg.

হাত

ভারত

ভিয়েতনাম

`, '\u{09D7}': `

Not used alone. Provided for compatibility with character sets that represent 09CC as two characters, but is also present when the latter vowel-sign is in a decomposed normalisation form.

`, '\u{09DC}': `

ড়

Infrequent.

ɽ atomic consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o. This is normally written using the sequence 09A1 09BC, ie.

ওড়া

Curl tongue as if for ɖ but before making contact with the alveolar ridge flap the tongue down smartly to make audible contact with the bottom of the mouth.

In Sanskrit this was merely an allophone of 09A1 between vowels. The distinguishing dot was added to the Bengali script in the 19th century. Now it is regarded as a letter of the alphabet.

`, '\u{09DD}': `

ঢ়

ɽʱ, ɽ eg. normally written using the decomposed form 09A2 09BC, eg.

আষাঢ়

Theoretically the aspirated version of 09DC, but in practice not normally pronounced with aspiration. Occasionally, however, it may be, as in রাঢ়

A very rare letter, the only common word in which it appears is the Bengali month shown in the example above.

`, '\u{09DD}': `

ঢ়

A very rare letter, the only common word in which it appears is the Bengali month shown in the example below.

ɽʱ precomposed consonant with inherent vowel ɔ o. Normally written using the decomposed form 09A2 09BC, eg.

আষাঢ়

Theoretically the aspirated version of 09DC, but in practice not normally pronounced with aspiration. Occasionally, however, it may be, as in

রাঢ়

`, '\u{09DF}': `

য়

A common letter, normally written using the decomposed form 09AF 09BC. The dot was added in the 19th century, to contrast this with ɔntɔḥsthô y̌ɔ (09AF).

It represents one of the following sounds.

j as a simple consonant, especially between i...e, a...u, or e...e, eg.

দরিয়া

ভিয়েতনাম

e̯ after another vowel when creating a diphthong, particularly after ɔ, a or o, eg.

ভয়

Sometimes, however, it is scarcely pronounced at all, eg.

মেয়ে

Combination with LETTER O

The sequence 0993 09AF 09BC is relatively common, and is transcribed variously in IPA as o̯w or w or u̯, eg.

লওয়া

দাওয়াত

যাওয়া

In one case this occurs word-initially with the transcription wa

ওয়াদা

`, '\u{09E0}': `

ৠ

Historic character, only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

`, '\u{09E1}': `

ৡ

Historic character, only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

`, '\u{09E2}': `

ৢ

Historic character, only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

`, '\u{09E3}': `

ৣ

Historic character, only used to write Sanskrit in Bengali.

`, '\u{09E6}': `

০

0 digit.

`, '\u{09E7}': `

১

1 digit.

`, '\u{09E8}': `

২

2 digit.

`, '\u{09E9}': `

৩

3 digit.

`, '\u{09EA}': `

৪

4 digit.

`, '\u{09EB}': `

৫

5 digit.

`, '\u{09EC}': `

৬

6 digit.

`, '\u{09ED}': `

৭

7 digit.

`, '\u{09EE}': `

৮

8 digit.

`, '\u{09EF}': `

৯

9 digit.

`, '\u{09F0}': `

ৰ

Assamese version of Bengali 09B0. Not used in Bengali.

`, '\u{09F1}': `

ৱ

Assamese version of Bengali 09AC. Not used in Bengali.

`, '\u{09F2}': `

Denotes rupees in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ১৲ 1 rupayā (1 rupee).

`, '\u{09F3}': ` `, '\u{09F4}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৷৷৴৹ 9 ānā (9 ana); ৸৴৹ 13 ānā (13 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09F5}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৷৵৹ 6 ānā (6 ana); ৸৵৹ 14 ānā (14 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09F6}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৷৷৶৹ 11 ānā (11 ana); ৸৶৹ 15 ānā (15 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09F7}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৷৹ 4 ānā (4 ana); ৷৷৴৹ 9 ānā (9 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09F8}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৸৹ 12 ānā (12 ana); ৸৵৹ 14 ānā (14 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09F9}': `

Part of an additive/subtractive system for specifying the number of ānā in the Bengali notation for currency used up to 1957, eg. ৴৹ 1 ānā (1 ana); ৸৶৹ 15 ānā (15 ana). There are 16 ana in one rupee, and the system works in multiples of 4. For a detailed explanation of usage, see reference 1.

`, '\u{09FA}': `

Placed before a dead person's name.

`, '\u{09FB}': ` `, '\u{09FC}': ` `, '\u{09FD}': ` `, '\u{09FE}': ` `, // PUNCTUATION '\u{02BC}': `

Recommended by the Unicode Standard for the urdha-comma, which can be used to indicate truncation of wordsu,460, eg.

কʼরে

ʼপরে

`, '\u{0964}': `

।

Bangla uses the danda character from the Devanagari script block as sentence-final punctuation.

`, '\u{0965}': `

॥

This character is from the Devanagari script block.

`, '\u{201C}': `

“

Used as an opening quotation mark.

`, '\u{201D}': `

”

Used as a closing quotation mark.

`, '\u{2018}': `

‘

Used as an opening quotation mark for quotations within double quotes.

`, '\u{2019}': `

’

Used as a closing quotation mark for quotations within double quotes.

`, '\u{00AB}': `

«

`, '\u{00BB}': `

»

`, '\u{002C}': `

,

Bangla uses the ASCII comma.

`, '\u{003B}': `

;

Bangla uses the ASCII semicolon.

`, '\u{003A}': `

:

Bangla uses the ASCII colon.

`, '\u{002E}': `

.

Bangla uses the ASCII full stop to delimit sentences. Alternatively, it may use 0965.

`, '\u{003F}': `

?

Bangla uses the ASCII question mark.

`, '\u{0021}': `

!

Bangla uses the ASCII exclamation mark.

`, '\u{0028}': `

(

Bangla uses the ASCII 'opening parenthesis' to the left of the parenthetic text.

`, '\u{0029}': `

)

Bangla uses the ASCII 'closing parenthesis' to the right of the parenthetic text.

`, '\u{2026}': `

…

Bangla uses this common character for ellipsis.

`, '\u{2013}': `

–

`, '\u{2014}': `

—

`, '\u{00A7}': `

§

`, '\u{2020}': `

Called dagger, but also known as obelisk, obelus, or long cross.r,321

A reference mark, used primarily with footnotes. When used for this purpose with other signs, the traditional order is * † ‡ § ‖ ¶.r,68

Also a death sign in European typography, used to mark the year of death or the names of dead persons.r,321

In lexicography it marks obsolete forms, and in editing of classical texts flags passages judged to be corrupt.r,321

`, '\u{2021}': `

Called dagger, but also known as diesis, or double obelisk.r,321

A reference mark used with footnotes. When used for this purpose with other signs, the traditional order is * † ‡ § ‖ ¶.r,68

`, '\u{2032}': `

Abbreviation for feet (1′ = 12″).r,330

Also used for minutes of arc (eg. 60′=1°).r,330

`, '\u{2033}': `

Abbreviation for inches (1′ = 12″).r,321

Also used for seconds of arc (eg. 360″=1°).r,321

`, // FORMATTING CHARACTERS // zwj '\u{200D}': `

Used to produce special joining forms for RA + YA (see Special forms). Compare:

09B0 09CD 09AF

09B0 200D 09CD 09AF

`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `

Can be used to force the production of a visible virama, rather than a half-form. It can also be used to prevent the formation of vowel ligatures.

`, // SANSKRIT / VEDIC '\u{0951}': `

॑

`, '\u{0952}': `

॒

`, '\u{1CD0}': `

᳐

`, '\u{1CD2}': `

᳒

`, '\u{1CD5}': `

᳕

`, '\u{1CD6}': `

᳖

`, '\u{1CD8}': `

᳘

`, '\u{1CE1}': `

᳡

`, '\u{1CEA}': `

ᳪ

`, '\u{1CED}': `

᳭

`, '\u{1CF2}': `

ᳲ

`, '\u{1CF5}': `

ᳵ

`, '\u{1CF6}': `

ᳶ

`, '\u{A8F1}': `

꣱

`, }