/* */ var charDetails = { '\u{0600}': `

`, '\u{0601}': `

`, '\u{0602}': `

`, '\u{0603}': `

`, '\u{0604}': `

`, '\u{0605}': `

`, '\u{0606}': `

`, '\u{0607}': `

`, '\u{0608}': `

`, '\u{0609}': `

`, '\u{060A}': `

`, '\u{060B}': `

`, '\u{060C}': `

`, '\u{060D}': `

`, '\u{060E}': `

`, '\u{060F}': `

`, '\u{0610}': `

`, '\u{0611}': `

`, '\u{0612}': `

`, '\u{0613}': `

`, '\u{0614}': `

`, '\u{0615}': `

`, '\u{0616}': `

`, '\u{0617}': `

`, '\u{0618}': `

`, '\u{0619}': `

`, '\u{061A}': `

`, '\u{061B}': `

`, '\u{061C}': `

`, '\u{061E}': `

`, '\u{061F}': `

`, '\u{0620}': `

`, '\u{0621}': `

ʔ, though sometimes silent, eg.

علاءالدین

امضاء

See also 0654, which is much more common.

`, '\u{0622}': `

ɒː is written with the following forms, which include this character in initial position in precomposed text. The precomposed character decomposes and recomposes during normalisation.

initial	0622آنجا
medial	0627
final	0627
final, unjoined	0627

The alef+madd combination may also appear without a space before it in compound words and words that begin with prefixes, eg. درآمد درآوردن رنگ‌آمیزی

It is also used in the word

قرآن

`, '\u{0623}': `

ʔ eg. رأی تأکید

`, '\u{0624}': `

ʔ eg. مؤمن مؤثر

Observation: Appears to be used between two vowels when the first is o, eg. سؤال

ؤ [U+0624 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE] and ؤ [U+0648 ARABIC LETTER WAW + U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE] are canonically equivalent.

`, '\u{0625}': `

`, '\u{0626}': `

Eg. قائمشهر Qā’emšahr.

Note that this character decomposes into ئ [U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH + U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE], rather than a combining hamza with ی [U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH].

`, '\u{0627}': `

In word-initial position, one of:

æ with optional vowel diacritic 064E, eg. اسب
o with optional vowel diacritic 064F, eg. امید
e with optional vowel diacritic 0650, eg. اسم
ɒː when combined with 0653. This is normally written using the precomposed character 0622, eg. آب
∅, but indicating an initial vowel sound, when followed by either 0648 or 06CC, eg. او این

Note, however, that words beginning in this way may contain a consonant, rather than a vowel, eg. اولی ایالت

ɒː in the middle or at the end of a word, eg. مار گرگ‌ها

`, '\u{0628}': `

b eg. بچه سبز قلب

`, '\u{0629}': `

Arabic fem. t

`, '\u{062A}': `

t eg. تیر گیتی گوشت

`, '\u{062B}': `

s eg. ثبت کثیف بحث وارث

`, '\u{062C}': `

d͡ʒ eg. جگر کجا پنج واج

`, '\u{062D}': `

h eg. حیوان تلویحی فصیح قوس و قزح

`, '\u{062E}': `

x eg. خیس ضخیم نسخ سرخ

`, '\u{062F}': `

d eg. دود کندن چند

`, '\u{0630}': `

z eg. ذهن نبیذ شاذ

`, '\u{0631}': `

r eg. ریشه کویر کنکور

`, '\u{0632}': `

z eg. زمین یازده قرمز روز

`, '\u{0633}': `

s eg. سیلو نشستن خیس خرس

`, '\u{0634}': `

ʃ eg. شیک گنجشک شپش گوش

`, '\u{0635}': `

s eg. صاف تصویر ناقص قرص

`, '\u{0636}': `

z eg. ضخیم عضو نبض عوض

`, '\u{0637}': `

t eg. طبقه مطلب وسط

`, '\u{0638}': `

z eg. ظهر نظام حافظ

`, '\u{0639}': `

Preceding V → Vː

ʔ eg. علف بعضی

Silent, eg. سریع نعناع

`, '\u{063A}': `

Between vowels q, ɢ, x

ɢ ɣ eg. غژگاو نغمه میغ مرغ

`, '\u{063B}': `

`, '\u{063C}': `

`, '\u{063D}': `

`, '\u{063E}': `

`, '\u{063F}': `

`, '\u{0640}': `

`, '\u{0641}': `

f eg. فراخ گفتن علف صاف

`, '\u{0642}': `

ɢ قو چقدر موفق قاچاق

`, '\u{0643}': `

`, '\u{0644}': `

l eg. لیمو هلو گل سال

`, '\u{0645}': `

m eg. مینو یاسمن چشم کرم

`, '\u{0646}': `

n eg. نیو نهنگ گفتن گردن

`, '\u{0647}': `

Consonant

h word-finally after a vowel, and in monosyllabic words, eg. هلو خواهش ماه نه

Vowels

e in word-final position after a consonant sound, eg. کهنه نامه

æ but only rarely in the educated Tehran dialect, and in word-final position, eg. کرایه

In rural and regional dialects æ is more common.

Non-left-joining forms

Certain suffixes don't join with this character when it appears finally in a morpheme, eg. خانه‌ها تکیه‌گاه

To achieve this, you need to use U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER. Other word-final letters typically show the same behaviour, however it's also possible to see the suffix written after a space or joined to the end of the word. When this letter ends the word, however, those alternatives are not available.§

`, '\u{0648}': `

Functions as either a consonant or a vowel, and often it can be ambiguous as to which in unvowelled text, eg. شوید

Consonants

v as a consonant, eg. وقت ایوان سرو

-w glide (not common), when preceded by another vowel (which may not be marked), eg. اُوج روشن

Vowels

uː is written with the following forms, which include this character in all positions. No vowel diacritic is used in vowelled text.

initial	0627 0648	اورمزد
medial	0648	نور
final	0648	زانو
final, unjoined	0648	بازو

o is written with the following forms, which include this character in the final position. The vowel diacritic is not normally shown.

initial	0627 064F
medial	064F
final	064F 0648	یهو
final, unjoined	064F 0648	کادو

In a few words, in word-final position this is pronounced ow or oʊ̯, eg. پلو چو

The fact that vowel diacritics are not normally used means that uː and o (and sometimes ow) are indistinguishable in final forms. In word-initial form it is also indistinguishable from the other short vowels.

Silent use

∅ after خ and before a long vowel, eg. خوابیدن خواهر

This is a spelling holdover from classical Persian.

`, '\u{0649}': `

`, '\u{064A}': `

This character is not normally used in Persian, however ئ [U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH + U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE] decomposes into ئ [U+064A ARABIC LETTER YEH + U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE], than a combining hamza with ی [U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH]. The Arabic letter therefore forms part of the Persian repertoire.

`, '\u{064B}': `

æn Doubled vowel diacritic. Not common. Used at the ends of certain Arabic-derived adverbs in vowelled text. It is usually written over an alif, although the vowel sound is short.

لزوماً

اصلاً

`, '\u{064C}': `

un Doubled vowel diacritic.

Not used in Persian, but taught to support education in the Qur'anwpa,#Tanvin_(nunation).

`, '\u{064D}': `

in Doubled vowel diacritic.

Not used in Persian, but taught to support education in the Qur'anwpa,#Tanvin_(nunation).

`, '\u{064E}': `

Rarely used; only where pronunciation needs to be spelled out.

æ is written with the following forms in vowelled text. In non-vowelled text, only the letters are written, so a medial form is not written at all.

initial	0627 064E	اسب
medial	064E	تبر

The only common word in the Tehran dialect of Persian that ends with æ, which is represented by 0647, is نه næ no.

(Note, however, that in many rural and regional dialects, words that end with e in Persian are pronounced with an a ending.pm,xxxv)

`, '\u{064F}': `

Rarely used; only where pronunciation needs to be spelled out.

o is written with the following forms in vowelled text. In non-vowelled text, only the letters are written, so a medial form is not written at all.

اُ ◌ُ ◌ُ‍و ◌ُو

initial	0627 064F	امید
medial	064F	شتر
final	064F 0648	یهو
final, unjoined	064F 0648	کادو

ow or oʊ̯ is a common pronunciation for this sound in word-final position, eg. چو نو چلو

The word-final version of this vowel is written in exactly the same way as uː in unvowelled text.

`, '\u{0650}': `

Rarely used; only where pronunciation needs to be spelled out.

e is written with the following forms in vowelled text. In non-vowelled text, only the letters are written, so a medial form is not written at all.

initial	0627 0650	اسم
medial	0650	کِرم
final	0650 0647	کهنه
final, unjoined	0650 0647	میوه

`, '\u{0651}': `

Rarely used. Doubles the sound of the base consonant, eg. اوّلی

`, '\u{0652}': `

Rarely used. Indicates absence of a vowel between consonants, eg. نَسْتَعْلیق

`, '\u{0653}': `

Only occurs in initial positions in decomposed text over 0627. Usually, however, that combination is represented using the atomic character0622. It is not used in any other circumstances.

`, '\u{0654}': `

ʔ, normally written over a carrier letter. In most cases, that is the combination ـیٔـ [U+06CC ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH + U+0654 ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE], eg. مسئول

However, if the glottal stop is preceded by the sound o, the combination is ـؤـ [U+0624 ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE], eg. مؤمن

On more rare occasions the hamza may appear over ا [U+0627 ARABIC LETTER ALEF], eg. رأی تأکید

See also the standalone isolated form of hamza, ء [U+0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA].

Standalone vowels

Although it may not be pronounced, the hamza and its carrier also appears between vowels. For example, فائده زئوس مؤثر سؤال سوئیس

In the examples above you can see that the hamza+carrier provides a place to put a vowel diacritic for short vowels in vowelled text. Between two long vowels it represents a nominal glottal stop.

The hamza is not always written. See for example these alternate forms for the i sound of the indefinite ending: پایٔی پایی مویٔی مویی

Ezafe

je when used to express the ezafe over ه [U+0647 ARABIC LETTER HEH], when that character is used to represent a word-final, short e, eg.

خانهٔ بزرگ

چلهٔ تابستان

Encoding

A number of precomposed combinations of base letter and hamza are encoded in Unicode. Many of these decompose and recompose under normalisation as canonical alternatives, but a few do not and need to be treated with care. Get more information about which precomposed characters are used or not used.

`, '\u{0655}': `

`, '\u{0656}': `

`, '\u{0657}': `

`, '\u{0658}': `

`, '\u{0659}': `

`, '\u{065A}': `

`, '\u{065B}': `

`, '\u{065C}': `

`, '\u{065D}': `

`, '\u{065E}': `

`, '\u{065F}': `

`, '\u{0660}': `

`, '\u{0661}': `

`, '\u{0662}': `

`, '\u{0663}': `

`, '\u{0664}': `

`, '\u{0665}': `

`, '\u{0666}': `

`, '\u{0667}': `

`, '\u{0668}': `

`, '\u{0669}': `

`, '\u{066A}': `

`, '\u{066B}': `

`, '\u{066C}': `

`, '\u{066D}': `

`, '\u{066E}': `

`, '\u{066F}': `

`, '\u{0670}': `

`, '\u{0671}': `

`, '\u{0672}': `

`, '\u{0673}': `

`, '\u{0674}': `

`, '\u{0675}': `

`, '\u{0676}': `

`, '\u{0677}': `

`, '\u{0678}': `

`, '\u{0679}': `

`, '\u{067A}': `

`, '\u{067B}': `

`, '\u{067C}': `

`, '\u{067D}': `

`, '\u{067E}': `

p eg. پنج شپش چپ

`, '\u{067F}': `

`, '\u{0680}': `

`, '\u{0681}': `

`, '\u{0682}': `

`, '\u{0683}': `

`, '\u{0684}': `

`, '\u{0685}': `

`, '\u{0686}': `

t͡ʃ eg. چپ بیچاره پیچ نوچ

`, '\u{0687}': `

`, '\u{0688}': `

`, '\u{0689}': `

`, '\u{068A}': `

`, '\u{068B}': `

`, '\u{068C}': `

`, '\u{068D}': `

`, '\u{068E}': `

`, '\u{068F}': `

`, '\u{0690}': `

`, '\u{0691}': `

`, '\u{0692}': `

`, '\u{0693}': `

`, '\u{0694}': `

`, '\u{0695}': `

`, '\u{0696}': `

`, '\u{0697}': `

`, '\u{0698}': `

ʒ eg. ژنو بژ توژ

`, '\u{0699}': `

`, '\u{069A}': `

`, '\u{069B}': `

`, '\u{069C}': `

`, '\u{069D}': `

`, '\u{069E}': `

`, '\u{069F}': `

`, '\u{06A0}': `

`, '\u{06A1}': `

`, '\u{06A2}': `

`, '\u{06A3}': `

`, '\u{06A4}': `

`, '\u{06A5}': `

`, '\u{06A6}': `

`, '\u{06A7}': `

`, '\u{06A8}': `

`, '\u{06A9}': `

k eg. کوچک کنجکاو کودک

`, '\u{06AA}': `

`, '\u{06AB}': `

`, '\u{06AC}': `

`, '\u{06AD}': `

`, '\u{06AE}': `

`, '\u{06AF}': `

ɡ eg. گیتی سنگین گرگ

`, '\u{06B0}': `

`, '\u{06B1}': `

`, '\u{06B2}': `

`, '\u{06B3}': `

`, '\u{06B4}': `

`, '\u{06B5}': `

`, '\u{06B6}': `

`, '\u{06B7}': `

`, '\u{06B8}': `

`, '\u{06B9}': `

`, '\u{06BA}': `

`, '\u{06BB}': `

`, '\u{06BC}': `

`, '\u{06BD}': `

`, '\u{06BE}': `

`, '\u{06BF}': `

`, '\u{06C0}': `

`, '\u{06C1}': `

`, '\u{06C2}': `

`, '\u{06C3}': `

`, '\u{06C4}': `

`, '\u{06C5}': `

`, '\u{06C6}': `

`, '\u{06C7}': `

`, '\u{06C8}': `

`, '\u{06C9}': `

`, '\u{06CA}': `

`, '\u{06CB}': `

`, '\u{06CC}': `

Functions as either a consonant or a vowel, and often it can be ambiguous as to which in unvowelled text, eg. شوید

Consonants

j as a consonant, eg. یازده سیاه

-j glide, when preceded by another vowel (which may not be marked), eg. اِیوان خَیلی چایدان موی

Vowels

iː is written with the following forms, which include this character in all positions. No vowel diacritic is used in vowelled text.

initial	0627 06CC	این
medial	06CC	تیر
final	06CC	گیتی
final, unjoined	06CC	بسیاری

Ezafe

je if this is the ezafe (adjectival joiner) used after a vowel, eg.

صحرای غربی اسب زیبای تندروی من asbe zibāye tundruye min my beautiful, fast horse

`, '\u{06CD}': `

`, '\u{06CE}': `

`, '\u{06CF}': `

`, '\u{06D0}': `

`, '\u{06D1}': `

`, '\u{06D2}': `

`, '\u{06D3}': `

`, '\u{06D4}': `

`, '\u{06D5}': `

`, '\u{06D6}': `

`, '\u{06D7}': `

`, '\u{06D8}': `

`, '\u{06D9}': `

`, '\u{06DA}': `

`, '\u{06DB}': `

`, '\u{06DC}': `

`, '\u{06DD}': `

`, '\u{06DE}': `

`, '\u{06DF}': `

`, '\u{06E0}': `

`, '\u{06E1}': `

`, '\u{06E2}': `

`, '\u{06E3}': `

`, '\u{06E4}': `

`, '\u{06E5}': `

`, '\u{06E6}': `

`, '\u{06E7}': `

`, '\u{06E8}': `

`, '\u{06E9}': `

`, '\u{06EA}': `

`, '\u{06EB}': `

`, '\u{06EC}': `

`, '\u{06ED}': `

`, '\u{06EE}': `

`, '\u{06EF}': `

`, '\u{06F0}': `

Shape۰, ie. same as ٠ [U+0660 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO].

`, '\u{06F1}': `

Shape۱, ie. same as ١ [U+0661 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE].

`, '\u{06F2}': `

Shape۲, ie. same as ٢ [U+0662 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO].

`, '\u{06F3}': `

Shape۳, ie. same as ٣ [U+0663 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE].

`, '\u{06F4}': `

Shape۴, cf. ٤ [U+0664 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR].

`, '\u{06F5}': `

Shape۵, cf. ٥ [U+0665 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE].

`, '\u{06F6}': `

Shape۶, cf. ٦ [U+0666 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX].

`, '\u{06F7}': `

Shape۷, ie. same as ٧ [U+0667 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN].

`, '\u{06F8}': `

Shape۸, ie. same as ٨ [U+0668 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT].

`, '\u{06F9}': `

Shape۹, ie. same as ٩ [U+0669 ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE].

`, '\u{06FA}': `

`, '\u{06FB}': `

`, '\u{06FC}': `

`, '\u{06FD}': `

`, '\u{06FE}': `

`, '\u{06FF}': `

`, '\u{FDFC}': `

﷼

Created by a typewriter standardisation committee in 1973, this is intended to be a condensed version of the word for the Iranian currency. The compatibility decomposition of this character is ریال (click on the red text to see the list).

The Unicode Standard says that this was only used for a short while in typewriters and keyboard layouts, and so is provided mainly for compatability reasons. Persian users are said to prefer typing the word rather than using this symbol.

`, '\u{0021}': `

Exclamation mark.

`, '\u{0028}': `

(

Parenthesis.

`, '\u{0029}': `

)

Parenthesis.

`, '\u{002E}': `

Full stop.

`, '\u{003A}': `

Colon.

`, '\u{034F}': `

Combining grapheme joiner.

Used to produce special ordering of diacritics. The name is a misnomer, as it is generally used to break the normal sequence of diacritics.

More details:

`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `

‌

Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ).

An invisible character, that prevents two adjacent letters forming a visual connection with each other when rendered. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has real-world applications.

It is used to interrupt the shaping of joining glyphs in cursive scripts, and also used to manage the visual interactions of glyphs in other scripts, eg. to prevent the formation of conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.

More details:

Managing glyph shaping

`, // zwj '\u{200D}': `

‍

Zero-width joiner (ZWJ).

An invisible character, that permits a letter to form a cursive connection without a visible neighbour. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has some real-world applications.

Also used with complex scripts to manage the visual representation of glyphs that normally interact, eg. to form conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.

More details:

Managing glyph shaping

`, // LRM '\u{200E}': `

An invisible character with strong LTR directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.

Generally referred to as LRM.

`, // RLM '\u{200F}': `

An invisible character with strong RTL directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.

Generally referred to as RLM.

`, // LRE '\u{202A}': `

Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).

Use 2066 (LRI) rather than this character.

`, // RLE '\u{202B}': `

Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).

Use 2067 (RLI) rather than this character.

`, // PDF '\u{202C}': `

Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 202A (LRE) or 202B (RLE).

Use 2069 (PDI) and its associated range starters rather than this character.

`, // LRI '\u{2066}': `

Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).

This character should be used rather than 202A (LRE).

`, // RLI '\u{2067}': `

Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).

This character should be used rather than 202B (RLE).

`, // FSI '\u{2068}': `

Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The base direction set is determined by that of the first strong directional character in the range. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).

`, // PDI '\u{2069}': `

Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 2066 (LRI), 2066 (RLI) or 2068 (FSI).

This character should be used rather than 202C (PDF).

`, '\u{00AB}': `

Opening quotation mark.

The words 'left' and 'right' in the Unicode names for parentheses, brackets, and other paired characters should be ignored. LEFT should be read as if it said START, and RIGHT as END. The direction in which the glyphs point will be automatically determined according to the base direction of the text.

`, '\u{00BB}': `

Closing quotation mark.

`, '\u{0028}': `

(

Opening parenthesis.

`, '\u{0029}': `

)

Closing parenthesis.

`, '\u{2018}': `

‘

Closing quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.

`, '\u{2019}': `

’

Opening quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.

`, '\u{201C}': `

“

Closing quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.

`, '\u{201D}': `

”

Opening quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.

`, }