U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF).𞤀
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E901}': `𞤁
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E902}': `𞤂
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E903}': `𞤃
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E904}': `𞤄
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E905}': `𞤅
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E906}': `𞤆
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E907}': `𞤇
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E908}': `𞤈
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E909}': `𞤉
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90A}': `𞤊
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90B}': `𞤋
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90C}': `𞤌
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90D}': `𞤍
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90E}': `𞤎
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E90F}': `𞤏
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E910}': `𞤐
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E911}': `𞤑
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E912}': `𞤒
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E913}': `𞤓
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E914}': `𞤔
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E915}': `𞤕
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E916}': `𞤖
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E917}': `𞤗
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E918}': `𞤘
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E919}': `𞤙
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91A}': `𞤚
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91B}': `𞤛
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91C}': `𞤜
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91D}': `𞤝
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91E}': `𞤞
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E91F}': `𞤟
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E920}': `𞤠
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E921}': `𞤡
See lowercase for notes.
`, '\u{1E922}': `𞤢
a vowel.
𞤢𞤸𞤢𞤣𞤭
Combinations
ʕ is 𞤢𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ع.
𞤢𞥄
aː is 𞤢𞥄
𞤢𞥄𞤬𞤭𞤴𞤢
`, '\u{1E923}': `𞤣
d lowercase consonant.
𞤣𞤢𞤲𞤳𞤭
Combinations
dˤ is 𞤣𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ض.
ⁿd is 𞤲𞥋𞤣
𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫
`, '\u{1E924}': `𞤤
l lowercase consonant.
𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤩𞤢𞤤
`, '\u{1E925}': `
𞤥
m lowercase consonant.
𞤥𞤢𞥄𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫
`, '\u{1E926}': `
𞤦
b lowercase consonant.
𞤦𞤢𞥄𞤬𞤢𞤤
Combinations
ᵐb is 𞤲𞥋𞤦
𞤲𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤦𞤢𞤪𞤢
`, '\u{1E927}': `𞤧
s lowercase consonant.
𞤧𞤮𞤲𞤣𞤵
𞤳𞤮𞤧𞤢𞤥
Combinations
θ is 𞤧𞥊 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ث.
sˤ is 𞤧𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ص.
`, '\u{1E928}': `
𞤨
p lowercase consonant.
𞤨𞤢𞤯𞤢𞤤
`, '\u{1E929}': `
𞤩
ɓ lowercase consonant.
𞤩𞤭𞤪𞤢
`, '\u{1E92A}': `
𞤪
r lowercase consonant.
𞤪𞤢𞤱𞤢𞥄𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤵
ɾ lowercase consonant.
`, '\u{1E92B}': `
𞤫
ɛ vowel.
𞤫𞤩𞥆𞤮
Combinations
𞤫𞥅
ɛː is 𞤫𞥅
𞤸𞤫𞥅𞤲
e is 𞤫𞥊 (used for non-native sounds in loan words)
eː is 𞤫𞥊𞥅 (used for non-native sounds in loan words)
`, '\u{1E92C}': `
𞤬
f lowercase consonant.
𞤬𞤭𞤲𞤳𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤭
`, '\u{1E92D}': `
𞤭
i vowel.
𞤭𞤼𞥆𞤭𞤪𞤭
Combinations
𞤭𞥅
iː is 𞤭𞥅
𞤤𞤭𞥅𞤲𞥋𞤺𞤵
`, '\u{1E92E}': `𞤮
ɔ vowel.
𞤮𞤼𞤮
Combinations
𞤮𞥅
ɔː is 𞤮𞥅
𞤮𞥅𞤤𞤮
𞤮𞥊
o is 𞤮𞥊 (infrequent)
𞤮𞥊𞥅
oː is 𞤮𞥊𞥅 (infrequent)
`, '\u{1E92F}': `
𞤯
ɗ lowercase consonant.
𞤯𞤢𞥄𞤼𞤭
`, '\u{1E930}': `
𞤰
ʔʲ lowercase consonant.
𞤥𞤮𞤰𞥆𞤭𞥅
`, '\u{1E931}': `
𞤱
w lowercase consonant.
𞤱𞤢𞤤𞤭𞤴𞤵
`, '\u{1E932}': `
𞤲
n lowercase consonant.
𞤲𞤢𞤼𞤢𞤤
Combinations
ⁿ is 𞤲𞥋
ⁿd is 𞤲𞥋𞤣
𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫
ᵐb is 𞤲𞥋𞤦
𞤲𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤦𞤢𞤪𞤢
ⁿd͡ʒ is 𞤲𞥋𞤶
𞤲𞥋𞤶𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤭
ᵑɡ is 𞤲𞥋𞤺
𞤲𞥋𞤺𞤢𞤪𞤢
`, '\u{1E933}': `𞤳
k lowercase consonant.
𞤳𞤢𞤷𞥆𞤵
`, '\u{1E934}': `
𞤴
j lowercase consonant.
𞤴𞤢𞥄𞤧𞤭
`, '\u{1E935}': `
𞤵
u vowel.
𞤸𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤵𞤯𞤥
Combinations
𞤵𞥅
uː is 𞤵𞥅
𞤵𞥅𞤴𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫
`, '\u{1E936}': `𞤶
d͡ʒ lowercase consonant.
𞤶𞤢𞤳𞤢
Combinations
ⁿd͡ʒ is 𞤲𞥋𞤶
𞤲𞥋𞤶𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤭
zˤ is 𞤶𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ظ.
z is 𞤶𞥊 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ز.
`, '\u{1E937}': `
𞤷
t͡ʃ lowercase consonant.
𞤷𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭
`, '\u{1E938}': `
𞤸
h lowercase consonant.
𞤸𞤢𞤴𞤣𞤢𞤪𞤢
When not followed by a vowel, this letter can lengthen the previous vowel, eg.
𞤧𞤫𞤸𞤪𞤫 seere
Combinations
ɦ is 𞤸𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ه.
`, '\u{1E939}': `
𞤹
q lowercase consonant.
𞤹𞤭𞤪𞥆𞤢
`, '\u{1E93A}': `
𞤺
ɡ lowercase consonant.
𞤺𞤢𞤻𞤮
Combinations
ᵑɡ is 𞤲𞥋𞤺
𞤲𞥋𞤺𞤢𞤪𞤢
ɣ is 𞤺𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic غ.
`, '\u{1E93B}': `
𞤻
ɲ lowercase consonant.
𞤻𞤢𞥄𞤪𞤭𞥅𞤪𞤵
`, '\u{1E93C}': `
𞤼
t lowercase consonant.
𞤼𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭
Combinations
tˤ is 𞤼𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ط.
`, '\u{1E93D}': `
𞤽
ŋ lowercase consonant.
𞤽𞤢𞤪𞤭
`, '\u{1E93E}': `
𞤾
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
v lowercase consonant.
𞤾𞤫𞤤𞤮𞥅
`, '\u{1E93F}': `
𞤿
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
x lowercase consonant.
𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤿𞤢𞤪𞤢
`, '\u{1E940}': `
𞥀
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
g͡b lowercase consonant.
𞤞𞤢𞤲𞤼𞤢𞤥𞤢
`, '\u{1E941}': `
𞥁
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
z lowercase consonant.
𞤟𞤭𞤲𞤢𞥄
`, '\u{1E942}': `
𞥂
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
k͡p lowercase consonant.
𞤠𞤫𞤤𞤫
`, '\u{1E943}': `
𞥃
Used for non-native sounds in loan words.
ʃ lowercase consonant.
𞥃𞤢𞤴𞤳𞤵𞤶𞤮
`, '\u{1E944}': `
𞥄
Lengthens (only) the vowel 1E922. But can also be used with a consonant to represent the long alif, eg. daː can be written in either of the following ways:e
𞤣𞤢𞥄
𞤣𞥄
Shaping
Typically has a different shape when used with uppercase and lowercase characters,e,2 eg.
𞤢𞥄 𞤀𞥄
`, '\u{1E945}': `𞥅
Lengthens vowels other than 1E922, eg. compare 𞤣𞤵 du du 𞤣𞤵𞥅 duː duː
Shaping
Typically has a different shape when used with uppercase and lowercase characters,e,2 eg.
𞤫𞥅 𞤉𞥅
`, '\u{1E946}': `𞥆
Indicates a long consonant,e,2 eg. compare
𞤧𞤢𞤳𞤫
𞤧𞤢𞤳𞥆𞤫
`, '\u{1E947}': `𞥇
ʔ hamza. Used above a consonant which is followed immediately by a glottal stop and then a vowele,2.
𞤗𞤵𞤪𞥇𞤢𞤲
`, '\u{1E948}': `
𞥈
Used above a consonant to indicate a non-native (usually Arabic) sound.
Combinations
𞤢𞥈
ʕ is 𞤢𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ع.
𞤣𞥈
dˤ is 𞤣𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ض.
𞤧𞥈
sˤ is 𞤧𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ص.
𞤼𞥈
tˤ is 𞤼𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ط.
𞤺𞥈
ɣ is 𞤺𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic غ.
𞤸𞥈
ɦ is 𞤸𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ه.
𞤶𞥈
zˤ is 𞤶𞥈 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ظ.
A separate diacritic, 1E949, is used when the base character is also geminated.
`, '\u{1E949}': `𞥉
A separate character for use when a consonant followed by 1E948 is geminated.
Observation: It's not clear why this wasn't encoded as 2 diacritics.
`, '\u{1E94A}': `𞥊
`, '\u{1E94A}': `𞥊
Used with a consonant or a vowel to indicate additional sounds.e,2
Combinations (vowels)
𞤫𞥊
e is 𞤫𞥊 (infrequent)
𞤫𞥊𞥅
eː is 𞤫𞥊𞥅 (infrequent)
𞤮𞥊
o is 𞤮𞥊 (infrequent)
𞤮𞥊𞥅
oː is 𞤮𞥊𞥅 (infrequent)
Combinations (Arabic sounds)
𞤧𞥊
θ is 𞤧𞥊 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ث.
𞤶𞥊
z is 𞤶𞥊 (used for non-native sounds in loan words) Represents Arabic ز.
Shaping
When 1E945 appears above the base character, the nukta is moved below, eg.
𞤫𞥊𞥅 ɛ˙ː ɛː
𞤮𞥊𞥅 ɔ˙ː ɔː
The nukta should be typed and stored before the lengthening mark.
`, '\u{1E94B}': `𞥋
̃ nasalisation mark.
Combinations
ⁿ is 𞤲𞥋
ⁿd is 𞤲𞥋𞤣
ᵐb is 𞤲𞥋𞤦
ⁿd͡ʒ is 𞤲𞥋𞤶
ᵑɡ is 𞤲𞥋𞤺
`, '\u{1E94B}': `
𞥋
The combination 𞤲𞥋 indicates that a following consonant is pre-nasalised.
𞤲𞥋𞤺𞤵𞤪𞤫
If it appears between two joined characters, it shouldn't break the join.b
The usage is demonstrated by the following example.b
𞤸𞤭𞤲𞤣𞤵
𞤸𞤭𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤵
Combinations
𞤲𞥋𞤣
ⁿd is 𞤲𞥋𞤣
𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤫
𞤲𞥋𞤦
ᵐb is 𞤲𞥋𞤦
𞤲𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤦𞤢𞤪𞤢
𞤲𞥋𞤶
ᶮd͡ʒ is 𞤲𞥋𞤶
𞤲𞥋𞤶𞤢𞤲𞥋𞤣𞤭
𞤲𞥋𞤺
ᵑɡ is 𞤲𞥋𞤺
𞤲𞥋𞤺𞤢𞤪𞤢
`, '\u{1E950}': `𞥐
0 digit.
`, '\u{1E951}': `𞥑
1 digit.
`, '\u{1E952}': `𞥒
2 digit.
`, '\u{1E953}': `𞥓
3 digit.
`, '\u{1E954}': `𞥔
4 digit.
`, '\u{1E955}': `𞥕
5 digit.
`, '\u{1E956}': `𞥖
6 digit.
The shape of the digit 6 was significantly changed by the 2019 glyph shape reform to make it less similar to the letter 𞤸 [U+1E938 ADLAM SMALL LETTER HA].p
`, '\u{1E957}': `𞥗
7 digit.
`, '\u{1E958}': `𞥘
8 digit.
`, '\u{1E959}': `𞥙
9 digit.
`, '\u{1E95E}': `𞥞
Used at the beginning of sentence that is an exclamation; ! is used at the end of the sentencee,2. For example:
𞥞 𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄 ! ¡ alaˉ ! no!
`, '\u{1E95F}': `𞥟
Used at the beginning of sentence that is a question; ؟ is used at the end of the sentencee,2. For example:
𞥟 𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄 ؟ ¿ alaˉ ? no?
`, // MORE PUNCTUATION '\u{0021}': `!
Adlam uses the ASCII exclamation mark at the end of sentence that is an exclamation; 𞥞 [U+1E95E ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK] is used at the beginning of the sentence.
Eg.e,2 𞥞 𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄 ! ¡ alaˉ ! no!
`, '\u{0028}': `(
Adlam uses the ASCII 'opening parenthesis' before the parenthetic text. The glyph will face left, thanks to bidi mirroring.
For example, click on the following to see the order of parentheses:
𞤣𞤢𞤪𞤭𞥅𞤩𞤫 𞥒𞥙 (𞤲𞤮𞥅𞤺𞤢𞤴 𞤫 𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤢𞤴𞤮) 𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤥
`, '\u{0029}': `)
Adlam uses the ASCII 'closing parenthesis' after the parenthetic text. The glyph will face right, thanks to bidi mirroring.
For example, click on the following to see the order of parentheses:
𞤣𞤢𞤪𞤭𞥅𞤩𞤫 𞥒𞥙 (𞤲𞤮𞥅𞤺𞤢𞤴 𞤫 𞤶𞤫𞥅𞤲𞤢𞤴𞤮) 𞤲𞤺𞤢𞤥
`, '\u{002E}': `.
Pular uses the ASCII full stop.
`, '\u{003A}': `:
Pular uses the ASCII colon.
`, '\u{061F}': `؟
Adlam uses the ASCII question mark at the end of sentence that is a question; 𞥟 [U+1E95F ADLAM INITIAL QUESTION MARK] is used at the beginning of the sentence.
Eg.e,2 𞥟 𞤢𞤤𞤢𞥄 ؟ ¿ alaˉ ? no?
`, '\u{0640}': `ـ
Adlam uses this character from the Arabic block to stretch words for simple justification (in older texts), or to make a word or phrase a particular width, or as a form of emphasis.
The modern approach to justification involves stretching inter-word spaces, rather than adding this baseline extender.
One of the major problems when using tatweel to stretch text is that when the width of the space in which the text is displayed, or when new text is added near the start of a paragraph, lines wrap differently and all the places where tatweel would be needed have to be recalibrated. Thus tatweels only work for static text with fixed dimensions.
`, '\u{201C}': `“
Pular uses this as a closing quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{201D}': `”
Pular uses this as an opening quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{2026}': `…
Pular uses this common punctuation mark to indicate ellipsis.
`, '\u{204F}': `⁏
Although it uses an Arabic question mark, Adlam uses this character rather than the Arabic semicolon.
`, '\u{2E41}': `⹁
Although it uses an Arabic question mark, Adlam uses this character rather than the Arabic comma.
`, '\u{204F}': `⁏
Although it uses an Arabic question mark, Adlam uses this character rather than the Arabic semicolon.
`, // FORMATTING CHARACTERS // zwsp '\u{200B}': `An invisible character, used to signal line-break and word-break opportunities. It was originally provided for use with writing systems such as Thai, Myanmar, Khmer, Japanese, etc. that don't use spaces between words.
Justification visibly adjusts the space between the characters on either side of the ZWSP as if the ZWSP wasn't there§,827, eg. the two lines below show Thai text containing a ZWSP after the 4th base character. The first is rendered as per normal, the second is as it would appear with justification or letter-spacing. Note how the second line has no extra spacing where the ZWSP occurs. อักษรไทย อั ก ษ ร ไ ท ย
`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `Prevents two adjacent letters forming a cursive connection with each other when rendered. Useful for illustrations that describe how the script works, eg. 𞤨𞤼𞤷 ← 𞤨𞤼𞤷
`, // zwj '\u{200D}': `Permits a letter to form a cursive connection without a visible neighbour. Useful for illustrations that describe how the script works, eg. 𞤨 𞤼 𞤷 ← 𞤨 𞤼 𞤷
`, // LRM '\u{200E}': `An invisible character with strong LTR directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as LRM.
`, // RLM '\u{200F}': `An invisible character with strong RTL directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as RLM.
`, // LRE '\u{202A}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right. The range is terminated by U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF).
You should use 
U+2066 LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE (LRI) rather than this character.
Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left. The range is terminated by U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF).
You should use 
U+2067 RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE (RLI) rather than this character.
Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 
U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING (LRE) or 
U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING (RLE).
You should use 
U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI) and its associated range starters rather than this character.
Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI).
This character should be used rather than U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING (LRE).
Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI).
This character should be used rather than U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING (RLE).
Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The base direction set is determined by that of the first strong directional character in the range. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI).
Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either U+2066 LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE (LRI), U+2067 RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE (RLI) or 
U+2068 FIRST STRONG ISOLATE (FSI).
This character should be used rather than U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF).