ก
k mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ไก่
-k when syllable final.
หก
`, '\u{0E02}': `
ข
kʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ขวด
-k when syllable final.
มุข
`, '\u{0E03}': `
ฃ
Obsolete.
kʰ high class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Now replaced by 0E02.
ขวด
-k when syllable final.
`, '\u{0E04}': `
ค
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ควาย
-k when syllable final.
พรรค
`, '\u{0E05}': `
ฅ
Obsolete. Now replaced by 0E04.
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฅน
คน
-k when syllable final.
`, '\u{0E06}': `
ฆ
Occurs mainly in old words.
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ระฆัง
-k when syllable final.
เมฆ
`, '\u{0E07}': `
ง
ŋ low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
งู
ลิง
Combinations
หง
ŋ is also หง, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
เหงา
`, '\u{0E08}': `จ
t͡ɕ- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
จาน
-t when syllable final.
ดุจ
`, '\u{0E09}': `
ฉ
t͡ɕʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฉิ่ง
Never occurs in final position.
`, '\u{0E0A}': `ช
t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ช้าง
-t when syllable final.
ประโยชน์
`, '\u{0E0B}': `
ซ
s- eg. โซ่
Never occurs in syllable final position.
`, '\u{0E0B}': `ซ
s- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
โซ่
Never occurs in syllable final position.
`, '\u{0E0C}': `ฌ
Only occurs in a few words.
t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เฌอ
-t when syllable final.
`, '\u{0E0D}': `
ญ
j- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ญี่ปุ่น
-n when syllable final.
บังเอิญ
Rarely occurs in final position.
Combinations
หญ
j is also หญ, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
เหงา
`, '\u{0E0E}': `ฎ
d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ชฎา
-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).
กฎ
`, '\u{0E0F}': `
ฏ
t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in initial position).
ประฏัก
-t when syllable final.
ปรากฏ
`, '\u{0E10}': `
ฐ
tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in onsets).
ฐาน
-t when syllable final.
ประเสริฐ
`, '\u{0E11}': `
ฑ
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a (however, this is mainly used in syllable-final position).
มณโฑ
-t when syllable final.
ครุฑ
`, '\u{0E12}': `
ฒ
tʰ- as initial, eg. ผู้เฒ่า
-t when syllable final. Nearly obsolete. อัฒจันทร์
`, '\u{0E12}': `ฒ
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ผู้เฒ่า
-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).
อัฒจันทร์
`, '\u{0E13}': `
ณ
n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เณร
คุณ
Mainly syllable final.
`, '\u{0E14}': `ด
d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เด็ก
-t when syllable final.
ตลาด
`, '\u{0E15}': `
ต
t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เต่า
-t when syllable final.
ชีวิต
`, '\u{0E16}': `
ถ
tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ถุง
-t when syllable final.
รถ
`, '\u{0E17}': `
ท
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ทหาร
-t when syllable final.
บาท
`, '\u{0E18}': `
ธ
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ธง
-t when syllable final.
โกรธ
`, '\u{0E19}': `
น
n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Rare as initial.
นาน
-n when syllable final.
อ้วน
Combinations
หน
n is also หน, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
หนู
Note: sometimes this combination indicates an initial+final consonant sequence, eg.
หน
`, '\u{0E1A}': `บ
b- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ใบไม้
-p when syllable final.
ดิบ
`, '\u{0E1B}': `
ป
p- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ปลา
-p when syllable final.
ทวีป
`, '\u{0E1C}': `
ผ
pʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ผึ้ง
Never occurs in final position.
`, '\u{0E1D}': `ฝ
f- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฝา
Never occurs in final position.
`, '\u{0E1E}': `พ
pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
พาน
-p when syllable final.
กรุงเทพฯ
`, '\u{0E1F}': `
ฟ
f- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฟัน
-p when syllable final. Occurs in final position only in a few loanwords borrowed from English.
ออฟฟิต
`, '\u{0E20}': `
ภ
pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
สำเภา
-p when syllable final.
ลาภ
`, '\u{0E21}': `
ม
m- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ม้า
-m when syllable final.
ยิ้ม
Combinations
หม
m- is also หม, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
หมา
`, '\u{0E22}': `ย
j low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ยักษ์
Combinations (high class)
หย
j- is also หย, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
หยุด
Combinations (diphthongs)
เ◌ีย
iə is เ◌ีย
เมีย
เ◌ียะ
iə is also เ◌ียะ
เกี๊ยะ
เ◌ียว
iəw is เ◌ียว
เขียว
Combinations (rhymes ending in -j)
ึย
ɯj is ึย (rare).
สยึ๋มกึ๋ย
เ◌ือย
ɯəj is เ◌ือย In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย
วาย
uəːj is วาย
ควาย
วย
uəj is วย
สวย
ูย
uːj is ูย
หูย
ุย
uj is ุย
คุย
เ◌ย
ɤːj is เ◌ย
เลย
โ◌ย
oːj is โ◌ย
โบย
อย
ɔːj is อย
ลอย
็อย
ɔj is ็อย
าย
aːj is าย
ขาย
ัย
aj is ัย
ภัย
ไ◌ย
aj is also ไ◌ย
ไก่ย
`, '\u{0E23}': `ร
r- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เรือ
-n when it appears immediately after the initial consonant with no intervening vowel sign.
นคร
Silent in a few words, when it comes directly after the syllable initial. In these cases the vowel sign or tone mark falls over the ร. ทราบ เศร้า จริง
Combinations (high class)
หร
r- is also หร, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
หรู
Combinations (doubling)
-a- when doubled medially, eg. ธรรม
-an when doubled at the end of a syllable, eg. กรรไกร
However, this may also constitute the end and beginning of two syllables, eg. ภรรยา
`, '\u{0E24}': `ฤ
ri, rɯ, rɤː vocalic. Pronunciation varies according to the word in which it is used. Not often used in Thai.
อังกฤษ
ฤตู
ฤกษ์
Combinations
ฤๅ
rɯː is ฤๅ. This combination is very rare.
ฤๅษี
Originates from Sanskrit.
`, '\u{0E25}': `ล
l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ลิง
-n when syllable final.
ตำบล
Combinations (high class)
หล
l- is also หล, where the initial, silent 0E2B converts it to a high class consonant.
หลาย
`, '\u{0E26}': `ฦ
Practically obsolete in Thai.
lɯ vocalic.
ระฦก
Combinations
ฦๅ
lɯː is ฦๅ
ฦๅชา
`, '\u{0E27}': `ว
w- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
แหวน
-w as the second part of a syllable-initial cluster, and as the final part of a diphthong (see below).
-ua̯- vowel in closed syllables (cf. ัว below).
สวน
Combinations (high class)
หว
w is หว
แหวน
Combinations (complex vowels)
ิว
วาย
uəːj is วาย
ควาย
วย
uəj is วย
สวย
ัว
uə is ัว
จั่วโมง
ัวะ
uə is also ัวะ
ผัวะ
iw is ิว
คอมพิวเตอร์
เ◌ียว
iəw is เ◌ียว
เขียว
เ◌ว
eːw is เ◌ว
เลว
เ◌็ว
ew is เ◌็ว
เร็ว
แ◌ว
ɛːw is แ◌ว
แมว
าว
aːw is าว
ขาว
Note that aw เ◌า doesn't use this character.
`, '\u{0E28}': `ศ
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ศาลา
-t when syllable final.
อากาศ
Thai has 3 high class s characters. This is the most commonly used for Thai words. 0E29 and 0E2A are more common in words of foreign origin.
`, '\u{0E29}': `ษ
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฤษี
-t when syllable final.
พิษ
Thai has 3 high class s characters. 0E28 is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and 0E2A are more common in words of foreign origin.
`, '\u{0E2A}': `ส
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (only occurs in a few words).
เสือ
-t when syllable final.
โอกาส
Thai has 3 high class s characters. 0E28 is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and 0E29 are more common in words of foreign origin.
`, '\u{0E2B}': `ห
h- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
หีบ
Never appears in final position.
Combinations (high class conversion)
Also used as a tone modifier, called ห นำ hɔ̌ nam. Before the following 8 consonants at the start of a syllable it is silent, but forces the following consonant to behave as if it were high class.
หม
m is หม
หมา
หน
n is หน
หนี้
หง
ŋ is หง
เหงา
หว
w is หว
แหวน
หร
r is หร
หรู
หล
l is หล
หลาย
หญ
j is หญ
หญิง
หย
j is also หย
หยุด
An important exeption is the following, which in normal speech is pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone the text would indicate:
ไหม
`, '\u{0E2C}': `ฬ
Now almost obsolete in Thai.
l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
จุฬา
-n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ลคุฬ
`, '\u{0E2D}': `
อ
Mid class vowel carrier. Used to support vowels when there is no syllable initial consonant.
อ่าง
ɔː vowel when used alone in an open or closed syllable.
พ่อ
พอง
a when used alone as a standalone vowel.
อเมริกา
Combinations (tone modifier)
Before 4 words it is used in syllable initial position as a modifier (not pronounced) to change the tone of 0E22 to low. The words are: อยู่ อย่า อย่าง อยาก
Combinations (plain vowels)
ือ
ɯː is ือ, used because 0E37 cannot stand alone at the end of a syllable.
คือ
เ◌อ
ɤː is เ◌อ (rare).
เฌอ
เ◌อะ
ɤ is เ◌อะ (rare).
เกอะ
็อ
-o- is ็อ
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌ือ
ɯə is เ◌ือ
เรือ
เ◌ือะ
ɯə is also (very rarely) เ◌ือะ
เลอเวือะ
เ◌ือย
ɯəj is เ◌ือย In ~20 words only.
อย
ɔːj is อย
ลอย
็อย
ɔj is ็อย
`, '\u{0E2E}': `
ฮ
Only occurs in a few words.
h- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
นกฮูก
Never appears in final position.
`, '\u{0E2F}': `ฯ
Abbreviation symbol, used to indicate elision or abbreviation of letters from long words or phrases.
This is very frequently used and is viewed as a letter. Compare: กรุงเทพฯ กรุงเทพมหานคร พณฯ ท่าน พณหัวเจ้าท่าน
The sequence ฯลฯ (called ไปยาลใหญ่ aʲp̯y̱āḻäʲhẏ̱¹ pajjaːnjài) means 'etc.' and is used at the end of a list to indicate that it is not all-inclusive.
Leave a space after this character.
`, '\u{0E30}': `ะ
-aʔ short vowel, when used alone.
จะ
In writing Sanskrit, this is the visarga.
Combinations (plain vowels)
เ◌ะ
-e is เ◌ะ
เกะกะ
เตะ
โ◌ะ
-o is โ◌ะ
โต๊ะ
เ◌อะ
-ɤ is เ◌อะ (rare)
เถอะ
เกอะ
แ◌ะ
-ɛ is แ◌ะ (infrequent) Not very common.
แยกแยะ
เ◌าะ
-ɔ is เ◌าะ (rare)
เพราะ
เกาะ
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌ียะ
-iə is เ◌ียะ
เจี๊ยะ
เ◌ือะ
-ɯə is เ◌ือะ (rare) Very rare.
เลอเวือะ
ัวะ
-uə is ัวะ
ยัวะ
`, '\u{0E31}': `ั
-a- vowel, in closed syllables.
ฟัน
Combinations (complex vowels)
ัว
uə is ัว
จั่วโมง
When followed by a final consonant the vowel –ัว drops this character, eg. compare
ตัว
สวน
ัวะ
uə is also ัวะ
โอยัวะ
ัย
aj is ัย (rare)
ภัย
`, '\u{0E32}': `า
aː vowel.
ขา
บาท
Combination (plain vowel)
เ◌าะ
-ɔ is เ◌าะ (rare)
เกาะ
Combinations (complex vowels)
วาย
uəːj is วาย
ควาย
าย
aːj is าย
ขาย
าว
aːw is าว
ยาว
เ◌า
aw is เ◌า
เต่า
`, '\u{0E33}': `ำ
am rhyme. Considered to be a simple vowel.
ตำบล
This character interacts typographically with the preceding consonant, but is not classed as a combining character. The character must be kerned so that the small circle appears over the top right shoulder of the preceding consonant, and although the stored/typeed order should be consonant+tone_mark+am, the tone mark should still appear above the circle, eg.
น้ำ
`, '\u{0E34}': `ิ
i short vowel.
ลิง
กสิ
Combination (plain vowel)
เ◌ิ
ɤː is เ◌ิ (rare)
บังเอิญ
Combination (complex vowel)
ิว
iw is ิว
คิ้ว
`, '\u{0E35}': `ี
iː long vowel.
หีบ
คิรี
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌ีย
iə is เ◌ีย
เมีย
เ◌ียะ
iə is also เ◌ียะ
เปาะเปี๊ยะ
เ◌ียว
iəw is เ◌ียว
เขียว
iːw is ิว (very rare).
รีวกีว
`, '\u{0E36}': `ึ
-ɯ- short vowel.
ผึ้ง
-ɯ short vowel (rare in open syllables).
คร่ำครึ
Combination (complex vowel)
ึย
ɯj is ึย (rare)
สยึ๋มกึ๋ย
`, '\u{0E37}': `ื
ɯː long vowel in closed syllables ending with one of p, t, n, or m.
คืน
Combination (plain vowel)
ือ
ɯː is ือ
คือ
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌ือ
ɯə is เ◌ือ
เลือก
เสือ
เ◌ือะ
ɯəʔ is also เ◌ือะ (very rare).
เสือ
เ◌ือย
ɯəj is เ◌ือย (very rare) In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย
`, '\u{0E38}': `ุ
u short vowel.
คุรุ
ถุง
Combination (complex vowel)
ุย
uj is ุย (rare)
คุย
`, '\u{0E39}': `ู
uː long vowel.
งู
คูณ
Combination (complex vowel)
ูย
uːj is ูย (rare)
อูย
`, '\u{0E3A}': `ฺ
Pali or Sanskrit virama. Used to indicate that the inherent vowel is suppressed.
Not used in modern Thai.
`, '\u{0E3F}': `฿
`, '\u{0E40}': `เ
eː prescript long vowel.
เก
เมฆ
Although the form with maitaikhu shown below is more common, this character may also sometimes be used in closed syllables for a short e sound.
เข่ง
Combinations (plain vowels)
เ◌็
-e- is เ◌็
เด็ก
เ◌ะ
-e is เ◌ะ
เตะ
เ◌อ
ɤː is เ◌อ (rare)
เฌอ
เ◌ิ
ɤː is เ◌ิ (rare)
เหิน
เงิน
เ◌อะ
ɤ is เ◌อะ (rare)
เกอะ
เ◌าะ
ɔ is เ◌าะ (rare)
เกาะ
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌ีย
iːə is เ◌ีย
เมีย
เ◌ียะ
iə is เ◌ียะ
เจี๊ยะ
เ◌ียว
iəw is เ◌ียว
เขียว
เ◌ือ
ɯə is เ◌ือ
เรือ
เ◌ือะ
ɯə is เ◌ือะ (rare) Very rare.
เลอเวือะ
เ◌ือย
ɯəj is เ◌ือย (rare) In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย
เ◌ว
eːw is เ◌ว
เหว
เ◌็ว
ew is เ◌็ว
เร็ว
เ◌ย
ɤːj is เ◌ย
เลย
เ◌า
aw is เ◌า
เต่า
`, '\u{0E41}': `แ
ɛː prescript long vowel.
แร
แพง
-ɛ- prescript short vowel sometimes in closed syllables.
แก่น
Combinations (plain vowels)
แ◌ะ
-ɛʔ is แ◌ะ (infrequent) Not very common.
แพะ
แ◌็
-ɛ- is แ◌็ (rare)
แล็บ
แ◌ว
ɛːw is แ◌ว
แมว
`, '\u{0E42}': `โ
oː prescript long vowel.
โต
จั่วโมง
Combination (plain vowel)
โ◌ะ
-o is โ◌ะ
โละ
(In closed syllables, this short sound is produced by the inherent vowel.)
Combination (complex vowel)
โ◌ย
oːj is โ◌ย
โบย
`, '\u{0E43}': `ใ
-aj prescript diphthong.
ใบ
`, '\u{0E44}': `
ไ
-aj prescript diphthong.
ไก่
Combination (complex vowel)
ไ◌ย
-aj is ไ◌ย as a variant spelling.
ไก่ย
`, '\u{0E45}': `ๅ
ɯː vocalic vowel lengthener. Not used alone, and rarely used at all. Originates in Sanskrit texts.
Combinations
ฤๅ
rɯː is ฤๅ
ฤๅษี
ฦๅ
lɯː is ฦๅ
`, '\u{0E46}': `
ๆ
Shows that the previous word or group of words was repeated, eg. จริง ๆ ทุกวัน ๆ
It is typically preceded and followed by a space, eg. ทุกวัน ๆ However, some publishers prefer to publish without a leading space,g19,#issuecomment-579378205
This character shouldn't be wrapped to the beginning of a new line on its own, and should be kept not far from the preceding text that it duplicates during justification.g19,#issuecomment-579378205
`, '\u{0E47}': `็
One word consists of consonant + short symbol: ก็
Combinations (plain vowels)
Otherwise, converts vowels produced by the following three vowel signs to short vowels when they occur in closed syllables.
เ◌็
-e- is เ◌็
เด็ก
แ◌็
-ɛ- is แ◌็ (rare)
น้ำแข็ง
็อ
-ɔ- is ็อ
ซ็อกเก็ต
Combinations (complex vowels)
เ◌็ว
ew is เ◌็ว
เร็ว
็อย
ɔj is ็อย
`, '\u{0E48}': `
่
Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or high, the mark changes the tone to falling, eg. ง่าย
It is never used on syllables with a long vowel ending in -k, -p or -t, since the tone is already falling.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant to a mid tone, or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant to a rising tone, this mark changes the the tone to low, eg. ไก่ ไข่
It is never used with dead syllables (ie. syllables ending in a short vowel or with -p, -t, or -k) for these consonants, since the tone is already falling.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
The following example shows a combination of tone changes, first to high using ห, then to low using the tone mark, หนึ่ง
`, '\u{0E49}': `้
Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or falling, this mark changes the tone to high, eg. จ้าง
It is never used on syllables ending with a short vowel, or ending with -k, -t or -p after a short vowel, since the tone is already high.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant (to a rising or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to falling, eg. เต้น ผึ้ง
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
`, '\u{0E4A}': `๊
Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to high, eg. โต๊ะ
This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.
Used much less frequently than ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
Resembles ๗ [U+0E57 THAI DIGIT SEVEN]
`, '\u{0E4B}': `๋
Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to rising, eg. ก๊วยเตี๋ยว
This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.
Used much less frequently than ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
`, '\u{0E4C}': `์
Used above a syllable when it is not pronounced (usually at the end of a syllable), eg. รถเมล์ ศักดิ์สิทธิ์
It is often used for foreign loan words, eg. คอมพิวเตอร์ โปสการ์ด สแตมป์ แฮมเบอร์เกอร์
Since the sign can silence a whole syllable, sometimes other characters immediately preceding the one with the sign are not pronounced either, eg. ศาสตร์ กษัตริย์ วันจันทร์
Note that there are several other instances where consonants and/or vowels are not pronounced, but where this symbol is not used.
`, '\u{0E4D}': `ํ
Final nasal. Used in Pali or Sanskrit as nigghahita or anusvara, respectively.
Not commonly used in Thai, except that when letter spacing Thai text it is necessary to add the space between the circle and the remainder of ำ [U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM]. To do this, the application may split U+0E33 into this character and า [U+0E32 THAI CHARACTER SARA AA]
`, '\u{0E4E}': `๎
An ancient punctuation mark used to mark clusters, such as in พ๎ราห๎มณ p̱ʰ๎ṟāh๎m̱ṇ̱ pʰraːmǒn
One of the functions of ฺ [U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU] is the same.
`, '\u{0E4F}': `๏
Used as a bullet to introduce a list item, or to mark the beginnings of verses or paragraphs.
`, '\u{0E50}': `๐
0 digit.
`, '\u{0E51}': `๑
1 digit.
`, '\u{0E52}': `๒
2 digit.
`, '\u{0E53}': `๓
3 digit.
`, '\u{0E54}': `๔
4 digit.
`, '\u{0E55}': `๕
5 digit.
`, '\u{0E56}': `๖
6 digit.
`, '\u{0E57}': `๗
7 digit.
`, '\u{0E58}': `๘
8 digit.
`, '\u{0E59}': `๙
9 digit.
`, '\u{0E5A}': `๚
Used to mark the end of long sections, or with ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ, to mark the end of a verse.
`, '\u{0E5B}': `๛
Used to mark end of a chapter or document. It is always used following ๚ [U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU] and ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ๛
`, // COMMON PUNCTUATION // § '\u{00A7}': ` `, // « '\u{00AB}': ` `, // » '\u{00BB}': ` `, // – '\u{2010}': ` `, // – '\u{2013}': ` `, // — '\u{2014}': ` `, // '.. '\u{2018}': ` `, // ..' '\u{2019}': ` `, // ".. '\u{201C}': ` `, // .." '\u{201D}': ` `, // ! '\u{0021}': ` `, // … '\u{2026}': ` `, // ( '\u{0028}': ` `, // ) '\u{0029}': ` `, // , '\u{002C}': `Used in some content, but often Thai will use a space instead.
`, // . '\u{002E}': `Used in some content, but often Thai will use a (sometimes slightly longer than normal) space instead.
`, // : '\u{003A}': ` `, // ; '\u{003B}': ` `, // ? '\u{003F}': ` `, // cgj '\u{034F}': `Semantically separates characters. Can be used to prevent pairs of characters being treated as digraphs, or to block canonical reordering of combining marks during normalization. The word 'joiner' in the name is a misnomer.
`, // alm '\u{061C}': `Helps produce the correct ordering for sequences with no strong directional characters by overriding the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm default rules. Used particularly for text in the Arabic language, and languages using Syriac and Thaana scripts. Not usually needed for Hebrew, N'Ko, or Persian.
`, // FORMATTING CHARACTERS // zwsp '\u{200B}': `An invisible character, used to signal line-break and word-break opportunities. It was originally provided for use with writing systems such as Thai, Myanmar, Khmer, Japanese, etc. that don't use spaces between words.
Justification may visibly adjust the space between the characters on either side of this character, doing so as if the ZWSP wasn't there, eg. the Thai text อักษรไทย may look like อั ก ษ ร ไ ท ย when justified, or when letter-spacing is applied, even though the two words are separated by a ZWSP (click on the word to see the composition).
`, // zwj '\u{200D}': `Creates glyph joining behaviour in the absence of normal joining contexts.
`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `Prevents glyph joining behaviour.
`, // ‘ '\u{2018}': ` `, // ’ '\u{2019}': ` `, // “ '\u{201C}': ` `, // ” '\u{201D}': ` `, '\u{2020}': `Called dagger, but also known as obelisk, obelus, or long cross.b321
A reference mark, used primarily with footnotes. When used for this purpose with other signs, the traditional order is * † ‡ § ‖ ¶.b68
Also a death sign in European typography, used to mark the year of death or the names of dead persons.b321
In lexicography it marks obsolete forms, and in editing of classical texts flags passages judged to be corrupt.b321
`, '\u{2021}': `Called dagger, but also known as diesis, or double obelisk.b321
A reference mark used with footnotes. When used for this purpose with other signs, the traditional order is * † ‡ § ‖ ¶.b68
`, // … '\u{2026}': ` `, '\u{2032}': `Abbreviation for feet (1′ = 12″).b330
Also used for minutes of arc (eg. 60′=1°).b330
`, '\u{2033}': `Abbreviation for inches (1′ = 12″).b321
Also used for seconds of arc (eg. 360″=1°).b321
`, // word-break '\u{2060}': `An invisible character, equivalent to a zero-width no-break space, and used to prevent line-breaks, eg. it can be used around the + sign in base+delta to prevent a line break occuring in that sequence of characters. It has no effect on word segmentation.
It can also be used to bracket other characters to turn them into non-breaking characters, such as U+2009 THIN SPACE or ― [U+2015 HORIZONTAL BAR].
Not to be confused with U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER or U+034F COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER, since it has no effect on shaping.
This functionality is also provided by U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, but since that character also represents the byte-order mark, the use of this word joiner character (added in Unicode 3.2) is strongly preferred over the latter.
`, }