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Thai character notes

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Information about 87 characters out of 87 in Unicode blocks associated with the Thai script.

Referencing this document

Richard Ishida, Thai Character Notes, 23-Jun-2024, https://r12a.github.io/scripts/thai/block

 

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Phonological transcriptions should be treated as a guide, only. They are taken from the sources consulted, and may be narrow or broad, phonemic or phonetic, depending on what is available. They mostly represent pronunciation of words in isolation. For more detailed information about allophones, alternations, sandhi, dialectal differences, and so on, follow the links to cited references.

This is an interactive document. Click/tap on coloured examples to reveal detailed compositional information. If your browser supports it, your cursor will change to look like as you hover over these items.

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Character names. The names of characters in codepoint markup drop the initial THAI label (purely to reduce the length of the examples). In other places the full name can be found.

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Transcriptions & transliterations. Phonological transcriptions are surrounded by ⌈corner brackets⌋, to indicate that they vary between narrow, [phonetic] and broad, /phonemic/ transcriptions.
Latin transcriptions between <angle brackets>, represent the letters as commonly written in the Latin script.
A transliteration has also been developed especially for this orthography, and is generally based on the sound of a letter where possible, but where a letter has multiple pronunciations, the transliteration represents only one.
Transliterations provide perfect round-trip conversion between the native script and Latin, whereas Latin transcriptions rarely do.
When you click on an example to see its composition, the top of the panel that opens contains a transliteration, followed by the native text, then (if available) an IPA transcription.

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Languages using the Thai scriptThai linksOther character notes

Thai

U+0E01 THAI CHARACTER KO KAI

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantko kaiก ไก่  Lo

ISO-2: k -k

k mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ไก่ kàj chicken

-k when syllable final.

หก hòk̚ six

U+0E02 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHAI

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantkho khaiข ไข่  Lo

ISO-2: kh -k

kʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ขวด kʰùa̯t̚ bottle

-k when syllable final.

มุข múk̚ face, mouth

U+0E03 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHUAT

Thai

high class consonantobsolete kho khūatฃ ขวดk̈ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: kh -k

Obsolete.

high class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Now replaced by U+0E02 CHARACTER KHO KHAI.

ขวด kʰùa̯t̚ bottle

-k when syllable final.

U+0E04 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHWAI

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantkho khwāiค ควายḵʰ  Lo

ISO-2: kh -k

kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo

-k when syllable final.

พรรค pʰák̚ group

U+0E05 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHON

Thai

low class consonantobsolete kho khonฅ คนḵ̈ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: kh -k

Obsolete. Now replaced by U+0E04 CHARACTER KHO KHWAI.

kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ฅน kʰōn person

คน kʰon man (human being)

-k when syllable final.

U+0E06 THAI CHARACTER KHO RAKHANG

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantkho ra-khangฆ ระฆังḵ̇ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: kh -k

Occurs mainly in old words.

kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ระฆัง rá.kʰaŋ temple bell

-k when syllable final.

เมฆ mêːk̚ cloud

U+0E07 THAI CHARACTER NGO NGU

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantngo nguง งูŋ̱  Lo

ISO-2: ng

ŋ low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

งู ŋūː snake

ลิง līŋ monkey

Combinations

ISO-2: ng

ŋ is also หงU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E07 CHARACTER NGO NGU, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

เหงา ŋǎw lonely

U+0E08 THAI CHARACTER CHO CHAN

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantcho chanจ จาน  Lo

ISO-2: ch -t

t͡ɕ- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

จาน t͡ɕaːn plate

-t when syllable final.

ดุจ dùt̚ to like

U+0E09 THAI CHARACTER CHO CHING

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantcho chingฉ ฉิ่ง  Lo

ISO-2: ch

t͡ɕʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ฉิ่ง t͡ɕʰìŋ small cymbal

Never occurs in final position.

U+0E0A THAI CHARACTER CHO CHANG

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantcho changช ช้างc̱ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: ch -t

t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ช้าง t͡ɕʰáːŋ elephant

-t when syllable final.

ประโยชน์ prà.jòːt to be useful

U+0E0B THAI CHARACTER SO SO

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantso soซ โซ่ṡ̱  Lo

ISO-2: s -t

s- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

โซ่ sôː chain for animals

Never occurs in syllable final position.

U+0E0C THAI CHARACTER CHO CHOE

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonant (Only occurs in a few words.)cho choeฌ เฌอċ̱ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: ch

Only occurs in a few words.

t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush

-t when syllable final.

U+0E0D THAI CHARACTER YO YING

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantyo yingญ หญิงẏ̱  Lo

ISO-2: y -n

j- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ญี่ปุ่น jîː.pùn Japan

-n when syllable final.

บังเอิญ baŋ.ʔɤːn accidentally

Rarely occurs in final position.

Combinations

ISO-2: y

j is also หญU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E0D CHARACTER YO YING, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

เหงา ŋǎw lonely

U+0E0E THAI CHARACTER DO CHADA

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantdo cha-daฎ ชฎาḍ̯  Lo

ISO-2: d -t

d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ชฎา t͡ɕʰá.daː classical dance hat

-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).

กฎ kòt̚ rule

U+0E0F THAI CHARACTER TO PATAK

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantto pa-takฏ ปฏักṭ̯  Lo

ISO-2: t

t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in initial position).

ประฏัก pràʔ.tàk harpoon

-t when syllable final.

ปรากฏ praː.kòt to seem, appear

U+0E10 THAI CHARACTER THO THAN

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonanttho thanฐ ฐานṭʰ  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in onsets).

ฐาน tʰǎːn base

-t when syllable final.

ประเสริฐ prà.sɤ̀ːt precious, esteemed

U+0E11 THAI CHARACTER THO NANGMONTHO

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonanttho monthoฑ มณโฑṭ̱ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a (however, this is mainly used in syllable-final position).

มณโฑ mon.tʰoː Queen Montho

-t when syllable final.

ครุฑ kʰrút Garuda

U+0E12 THAI CHARACTER THO PHUTHAO

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonanttho phu-thaoฒ ผู้เฒ่าṭ̱̇ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ผู้เฒ่า pʰûː.tʰâw old man

-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).

อัฒจันทร์ ʔàt.t͡ɕan.tʰá grandstand, bleacher

U+0E13 THAI CHARACTER NO NEN

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantno nenณ เณรṇ̱  Lo

ISO-2: n

n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

เณร neːn young monk

คุณ kʰun you s., title before given name

Mainly syllable final.

U+0E14 THAI CHARACTER DO DEK

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantdo dekด เด็ก  Lo

ISO-2: d -t

d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

เด็ก dèk̚ child

-t when syllable final.

ตลาด tà.làːt marketplace

U+0E15 THAI CHARACTER TO TAO

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantto taoต เต่า  Lo

ISO-2: t

t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise

-t when syllable final.

ชีวิต t͡ɕʰiː.wít life, age

U+0E16 THAI CHARACTER THO THUNG

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonanttho thungถ ถุง  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ถุง tʰǔŋ bag

-t when syllable final.

รถ rót vehicle

U+0E17 THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonanttho thahanท ทหารṯʰ  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ทหาร tʰá.hǎːn soldier

-t when syllable final.

บาท bàːt̚ baht

U+0E18 THAI CHARACTER THO THONG

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonanttho thongธ ธงṯ̇ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: th -t

tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ธง tʰoŋ flag

-t when syllable final.

โกรธ kròːt̚ to be angry

U+0E19 THAI CHARACTER NO NU

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantno nuน หนู  Lo

ISO-2: n

n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Rare as initial.

นาน naːn long

-n when syllable final.

อ้วน ʔûːa̯n to be fat

Combinations

ISO-2: n

n is also หนU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E19 CHARACTER NO NU, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

หนู nǔː mouse

Note: sometimes this combination indicates an initial+final consonant sequence, eg.

หน hǒn road

U+0E1A THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantbo baimaiบ ใบไม้  Lo

ISO-2: b -p

b- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ใบไม้ baj.máj leaf

-p when syllable final.

ดิบ dìp̚ raw, unripe

U+0E1B THAI CHARACTER PO PLA

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class consonantpo plaป ปลา  Lo

ISO-2: p

p- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ปลา plaː fish

-p when syllable final.

ทวีป tʰá.wîːp̚ continent

U+0E1C THAI CHARACTER PHO PHUNG

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantpo pheungผ ผึ้ง  Lo

ISO-2: ph

pʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee

Never occurs in final position.

U+0E1D THAI CHARACTER FO FA

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantfo fanฟ ฟันf  Lo

ISO-2: f

f- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ฝา fǎː lid

Never occurs in final position.

U+0E1E THAI CHARACTER PHO PHAN

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantpho phanพ พานp̱ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: ph -p

pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

พาน pʰaːn tray

-p when syllable final.

กรุงเทพฯ kruŋ.tʰêːp̚ Bangkok

U+0E1F THAI CHARACTER FO FAN

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantfo faฝ ฝา  Lo

ISO-2: f

f- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ฟัน fan tooth

-p when syllable final. Occurs in final position only in a few loanwords borrowed from English.

ออฟฟิต òp.fít office

U+0E20 THAI CHARACTER PHO SAMPHAO

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantpho sam-phaoภ สำเภาṗ̱ʰ  Lo

ISO-2: ph -p

pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

สำเภา sǎm.pʰaw chinese junk

-p when syllable final.

ลาภ lâːp̚ fortune

U+0E21 THAI CHARACTER MO MA

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantmo maม ม้า  Lo

ISO-2: m

m- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ม้า máː horse

-m when syllable final.

ยิ้ม jím smile

Combinations

ISO-2: m

m- is also หมU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E21 CHARACTER MO MA, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

หมา mǎː dog

U+0E22 THAI CHARACTER YO YAK

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantyo yakย ยักษ์  Lo

ISO-2: y

j low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ยักษ์ ják̚ giant

Combinations (high class)

ISO-2: y

j- is also หยU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

หยุด jùt̚ to stop

Combinations (diphthongs)

ISO-2: IA

is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

เมีย mia̯ wife

ISO-2: IA

is also เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เกี๊ยะ kía̯ʔ geta (footwear)

ISO-2: IAO

iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เขียว kʰǐa̯w green

Combinations (rhymes ending in -j)

ɯj is ◌ึยU+0E36 CHARACTER SARA UE + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare).

สยึ๋มกึ๋ย sà.jɯ̌m.kɯ̌j very scary, thrilling

ISO-2: UEAI

ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK In ~20 words only.

เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually

uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo

ISO-2: UAI

uəj is วยU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

สวย sǔa̯j pretty girl

ISO-2: UI

uːj is ◌ูยU+0E39 CHARACTER SARA UU + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

หูย hǔːj wow, oh!

ISO-2: UI

uj is ◌ุยU+0E38 CHARACTER SARA U + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

คุย kʰūj to chat

ISO-2: OEI

ɤːj is เ◌ยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

เลย lɤ̄ːj further

ISO-2: OI

oːj is โ◌ยU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

โบย bōːj to whip

ISO-2: OI

ɔːj is อยU+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ลอย lɔ̄ːj to float

ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ISO-2: AI

aːj is ายU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ขาย kʰǎːj to sell

ISO-2: AI

aj is ัยU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ภัย pʰāj danger

ISO-2: AI

aj is also ไ◌ยU+0E44 CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ไก่ย kàj chicken

U+0E23 THAI CHARACTER RO RUA

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantro rueaร เรือ  Lo

ISO-2: r -n

r- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat

-n when it appears immediately after the initial consonant with no intervening vowel sign.

นคร ná.kʰɔ̄ːn city

Silent in a few words, when it comes directly after the syllable initial. In these cases the vowel sign or tone mark falls over the ร. ทราบ sâːp̚ to know เศร้า sâw to be sad จริง t͡ɕīŋ truth

Combinations (high class)

ISO-2: r

r- is also หรU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E23 CHARACTER RO RUA, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

หรู rǔː luxurious, magnificent

Combinations (doubling)

-a- when doubled medially, eg. ธรรม tʰam justice

-an when doubled at the end of a syllable, eg. กรรไกร kankraj scissors

However, this may also constitute the end and beginning of two syllables, eg. ภรรยา pʰān.rá.jāː wife

U+0E24 THAI CHARACTER RU

• independent vowel letter used to write Sanskrit

Used by: Thai

Thai

vocalictua rueตัว ฤ  Lo

ri, rɯ, rɤː vocalic. Pronunciation varies according to the word in which it is used. Not often used in Thai.

อังกฤษ ʔāŋ.krìt̚ English

ฤตู rɯ́.tūː season

ฤกษ์ rɤ̂ːk̚ auspicious time

Combinations

rɯː is ฤๅU+0E24 CHARACTER RU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO. This combination is very rare.

ฤๅษี rɯ̄ː.sǐː hermit

Originates from Sanskrit.

U+0E25 THAI CHARACTER LO LING

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantlo lingล ลิง  Lo

ISO-2: l -n

l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ลิง līŋ monkey

-n when syllable final.

ตำบล tām.bōn district

Combinations (high class)

ISO-2: l

l- is also หลU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E25 CHARACTER LO LING, where the initial, silent converts it to a high class consonant.

หลาย lǎːj many

U+0E26 THAI CHARACTER LU

• independent vowel letter used to write Sanskrit

Used by: Thai

Thai

vocalic (Practically obsolete in Thai. )  Lo

Practically obsolete in Thai.

vocalic.

ระฦก rá.lɯ́k̚ obsolete spelling of ระลึก: to recall

Combinations

lɯː is ฦๅU+0E26 CHARACTER LU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO

ฦๅชา lɯ̄ː.t͡ɕʰāː obsolete spelling of ลือชา: to be made famous

U+0E27 THAI CHARACTER WO WAEN

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonantwo waenว แหวน  Lo

ISO-2: w

w- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring

-w as the second part of a syllable-initial cluster, and as the final part of a diphthong (see below).

-ua̯- vowel in closed syllables (cf. ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN below).

สวน sǔa̯n garden

Combinations (high class)

ISO-2: w

w is หวU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: IO

uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo

ISO-2: UAI

uəj is วยU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

สวย sǔa̯j pretty girl

ISO-2: UA

is ◌ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour

is also ◌ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

ผัวะ pʰùa̯ʔ whipping or slapping sound

iw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

คอมพิวเตอร์ kʰɔm.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː computer

ISO-2: IAO

iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เขียว kʰǐa̯w green

ISO-2: EO

eːw is เ◌วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เลว lēːw bad, worthless

ISO-2: EO

ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เร็ว rew fast, soon

ISO-2: AEO

ɛːw is แ◌วU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

แมว mɛ̄ːw cat

ISO-2: AO

aːw is าวU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

ขาว kʰǎːw white

Note that aw เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA doesn't use this character.

U+0E28 THAI CHARACTER SO SALA

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantso salaศ ศาลาś  Lo

ISO-2: s -t

s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ศาลา sǎː.lāː pavilion

-t when syllable final.

อากาศ ʔāː.kàːt̚ air

Thai has 3 high class s characters. This is the most commonly used for Thai words. U+0E29 CHARACTER SO RUSI and U+0E2A CHARACTER SO SUA are more common in words of foreign origin.

U+0E29 THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantso rue-siษ ฤๅษี  Lo

ISO-2: s -t

s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ฤษี rɯ́ː.sǐː hermit

-t when syllable final.

พิษ pʰít̚ poison

Thai has 3 high class s characters. U+0E28 CHARACTER SO SALA is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and U+0E2A CHARACTER SO SUA are more common in words of foreign origin.

U+0E2A THAI CHARACTER SO SUA

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantso sueaส เสือs  Lo

ISO-2: s -t

s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (only occurs in a few words).

เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger

-t when syllable final.

โอกาส ʔōː.kàːt̚ opportunity

Thai has 3 high class s characters. U+0E28 CHARACTER SO SALA is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and U+0E29 CHARACTER SO RUSI are more common in words of foreign origin.

U+0E2B THAI CHARACTER HO HIP

Used by: Thai

Thai

high class consonantho hipห หีบh  Lo

ISO-2: h

h- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

หีบ hìːp̚ trunk, box

Never appears in final position.

Combinations (high class conversion)

Also used as a tone modifier, called ห นำ hɔ̌ nam. Before the following 8 consonants at the start of a syllable it is silent, but forces the following consonant to behave as if it were high class.

ISO-2: m

m is หมU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E21 CHARACTER MO MA

หมา mǎː dog

ISO-2: n

n is หนU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E19 CHARACTER NO NU

หนี้ nîː debt

ISO-2: ng

ŋ is หงU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E07 CHARACTER NGO NGU

เหงา ŋǎw lonely

ISO-2: w

w is หวU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring

ISO-2: r

r is หรU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E23 CHARACTER RO RUA

หรู rǔː luxurious, magnificent

ISO-2: l

l is หลU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E25 CHARACTER LO LING

หลาย lǎːj many

ISO-2: y

j is หญU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E0D CHARACTER YO YING

หญิง jǐŋ woman

ISO-2: y

j is also หยU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

หยุด jùt̚ to stop

An important exeption is the following, which in normal speech is pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone the text would indicate:

ไหม mǎj question particle

U+0E2C THAI CHARACTER LO CHULA

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonant (Now almost obsolete in Thai.)lo chu-laฬ จุฬาḻ̇  Lo

ISO-2: l -n

Now almost obsolete in Thai.

l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

จุฬา t͡ɕù.lāː (kind of) kite

-n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

ลคุฬ lá.kʰūn walking stick

U+0E2D THAI CHARACTER O ANG

Used by: Thai

Thai

mid class vowel carrier/dependent or independentvowelo angอ อ่างʔ̯  Lo

ISO-2: o

Mid class vowel carrier. Used to support vowels when there is no syllable initial consonant.

อ่าง ʔàːŋ basin, bucket

ɔː vowel when used alone in an open or closed syllable.

พ่อ pʰɔ̂ː father

พอง pʰɔ̄ːŋ to swell

a when used alone as a standalone vowel.

อเมริกา ʔà.mēː.rí.kāː America

Combinations (tone modifier)

Before 4 words it is used in syllable initial position as a modifier (not pronounced) to change the tone of U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK to low. The words are: อยู่ jùː at, to live อย่า jàː do not อย่าง jàːŋ kind อยาก jàːk̚ to want

Combinations (plain vowels)

ISO-2: ŪE

ɯː is ◌ือU+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG, used because U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE cannot stand alone at the end of a syllable.

คือ kʰɯ̄ː to be

ISO-2: OE

ɤː is เ◌อU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG (rare).

เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush

ISO-2: OE

ɤ is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare).

เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward

-o- is ◌็อU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: UEA

ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat

ISO-2: UEA

ɯə is also (very rarely) เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group

ISO-2: UEAI

ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK In ~20 words only.

ISO-2: OI

ɔːj is อยU+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ลอย lɔ̄ːj to float

ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

U+0E2E THAI CHARACTER HO NOKHUK

= ho nok huk

Used by: Thai

Thai

low class consonant (Only occurs in a few words.)infrequent ho nok-hukฮ นกฮูก  Lo

ISO-2: h

Only occurs in a few words.

h- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.

นกฮูก nók̚.hûːk̚ owl

Never appears in final position.

U+0E2F THAI CHARACTER PAIYANNOI

= paiyan noi
• ellipsis, abbreviation

Used by: Thai

Thai

abbreviation symbol/phrase terminatorpʰájaːnnɔ́ːj/pajjaːnlékพยาลน้อย/ไปยาลเล็ก¨  Po

Abbreviation symbol, used to indicate elision or abbreviation of letters from long words or phrases.

This is very frequently used and is viewed as a letter. Compare: กรุงเทพฯ kruŋ.tʰêːp̚ Bangkok กรุงเทพมหานคร krūŋ.tʰêːp̚.má.hǎː.ná.kʰɔ̄ːn Bangkok พณฯ ท่าน pʰōn. tʰâːn Your Excellency พณหัวเจ้าท่าน pʰōn.huːa.tɕaw.tʰâːn Your Excellency

The sequence ฯลฯ (called ไปยาลใหญ่ aʲp̯y̱āḻäʲhẏ̱¹ pajjaːnjài) means 'etc.' and is used at the end of a list to indicate that it is not all-inclusive.

Leave a space after this character.

U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A

Used by: Thai

Thai

short vowelwisanchaniวิสรรชนีย์a  Lo

ISO-2: a

-aʔ short vowel, when used alone.

จะ t͡ɕàʔ will

In writing Sanskrit, this is the visarga.

Combinations (plain vowels)

ISO-2: E

-e is เ◌ะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เกะกะ kèʔ.kàʔ disorderly

เตะ tèʔ kick

ISO-2: O

-o is โ◌ะU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

โต๊ะ tóʔ table

ISO-2: OE

is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)

เถอะ tʰɤ̀ʔ mild imperative

เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward

ISO-2: AE

is แ◌ะU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (infrequent) Not very common.

แยกแยะ jɛ̂ːk̚.jɛ́ʔ to elucidate

ISO-2: O

is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)

เพราะ pʰrɔ́ʔ because

เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: IA

-iə is เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เจี๊ยะ t͡ɕía̯ʔ to eat (colloq)

ISO-2: UEA

-ɯə is เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare) Very rare.

เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group

-uə is ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

ยัวะ júa̯ʔ to be very angry (colloq.)

U+0E31 THAI CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT​

Used by: Thai

Thai

vowel (In closed syllables.)mai han a-katไม้หันอากาศä  Mn

ISO-2: a

-a- vowel, in closed syllables.

ฟัน fan tooth

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: UA

is ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour

When followed by a final consonant the vowel –ัว drops this character, eg. compare

ตัว tūa̯ body

สวน sǔa̯n garden

is also ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

โอยัวะ ʔōː.júa̯ʔ Thai hot, black coffee

ISO-2: AI

aj is ัยU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)

ภัย pʰāj danger

U+0E32 THAI CHARACTER SARA AA

→ (thai character lakkhangyao - 0E45)

Used by: Thai

Thai

vowellak khangลากข้างā  Lo

ISO-2: a

vowel.

ขา kʰǎː leg

บาท bàːt̚ baht

Combination (plain vowel)

ISO-2: O

is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)

เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island

Combinations (complex vowels)

uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo

ISO-2: AI

aːj is ายU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

ขาย kʰǎːj to sell

ISO-2: AO

aːw is าวU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

ยาว jāːw long

ISO-2: AO

aw is เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA

เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise

U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM

≈ 0E4D 0E32

Used by: Thai

Thai

rhymeaᵐ  Lo

am rhyme. Considered to be a simple vowel.

ตำบล tām.bōn district

This character interacts typographically with the preceding consonant, but is not classed as a combining character. The character must be kerned so that the small circle appears over the top right shoulder of the preceding consonant, and although the stored/typeed order should be consonant+tone_mark+am, the tone mark should still appear above the circle, eg.

น้ำ náːm water

U+0E34 THAI CHARACTER SARA I​

Used by: Thai

Thai

short vowelphinthu iพินทุอิi  Mn

ISO-2: i

i short vowel.

ลิง līŋ monkey

กสิ kà.sìʔ agriculture

Combination (plain vowel)

ɤː is เ◌ิU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I (rare)

บังเอิญ baŋ.ʔɤːn accidentally

Combination (complex vowel)

ISO-2: IO

iw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

คิ้ว kʰíw eyebrow

U+0E35 THAI CHARACTER SARA II​

Used by: Thai

Thai

long vowelfong thongฝนทองī  Mn

ISO-2: i

long vowel.

หีบ hìːp̚ trunk, box

คิรี kʰí.rīː mountain

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: IA

is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

เมีย mia̯ wife

ISO-2: IA

is also เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เปาะเปี๊ยะ pɔ̀ʔ.pía̯ʔ spring roll

ISO-2: IAO

iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เขียว kʰǐa̯w green

iːw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN (very rare).

รีวกีว rīːw.kīːw Ryukyu (islands)

U+0E36 THAI CHARACTER SARA UE​

Used by: Thai

Thai

short vowelnikkhahitนิคหิตɯ  Mn

ISO-2: ue

-ɯ- short vowel.

ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee

short vowel (rare in open syllables).

คร่ำครึ kʰrâm.kʰrɯ́ʔ extremely old

Combination (complex vowel)

ɯj is ◌ึยU+0E36 CHARACTER SARA UE + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)

สยึ๋มกึ๋ย sà.jɯ̌m.kɯ̌j very scary, thrilling

U+0E37 THAI CHARACTER SARA UEE​

= sara uue

Used by: Thai

Thai

long vowelfan nuฟันหนูɯ̄  Mn

ISO-2: ue

ɯː long vowel in closed syllables ending with one of p, t, n, or m.

คืน kɯ̄ːn night

Combination (plain vowel)

ISO-2: ŪE

ɯː is ◌ือU+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

คือ kʰɯ̄ː to be

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: UEA

ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

เลือก lɯ̂a̯k̚ to choose

เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger

ISO-2: UEA

ɯəʔ is also เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (very rare).

เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger

ISO-2: UEAI

ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (very rare) In ~20 words only.

เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually

U+0E38 THAI CHARACTER SARA U​

Used by: Thai

Thai

short voweltin yiatตีนเหยียดu  Mn

ISO-2: u

u short vowel.

คุรุ kʰú.rúʔ guru

ถุง tʰǔŋ bag

Combination (complex vowel)

ISO-2: UI

uj is ุยU+0E38 CHARACTER SARA U + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)

คุย kʰūj to chat

U+0E39 THAI CHARACTER SARA UU​

Used by: Thai

Thai

long voweltin khuตีนคู้ū  Mn

ISO-2: u

long vowel.

งู ŋūː snake

คูณ kʰūːn to multiply

Combination (complex vowel)

ISO-2: UI

uːj is ูยU+0E39 CHARACTER SARA UU + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)

อูย ʔūːj ouch, ow

U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU​

• Pali virama

Thai

virama (Pali)unused ͓  Mn

Pali or Sanskrit virama. Used to indicate that the inherent vowel is suppressed.

Not used in modern Thai.

฿

U+0E3F THAI CURRENCY SYMBOL BAHT

Used by: Thai

฿

Thai

currency sign¤  Sc

U+0E40 THAI CHARACTER SARA E

Used by: Thai

Thai

prescript long vowelmai naไม้หน้าe  Lo

ISO-2: e

prescript long vowel.

เก kēː mischievous, naughty

เมฆ mêːk̚ cloud

Although the form with maitaikhu shown below is more common, this character may also sometimes be used in closed syllables for a short e sound.

เข่ง kʰèŋ basket

Combinations (plain vowels)

-e- is เ◌็◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU

เด็ก dèk̚ child

ISO-2: E

-e is เ◌ะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เตะ tèʔ kick

ISO-2: OE

ɤː is เ◌อU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG (rare)

เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush

ɤː is เ◌ิ◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I (rare)

เหิน hɤ̌ːn to fly

เงิน ŋɤ̄n money, silver

ISO-2: OE

ɤ is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)

เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward

ISO-2: O

ɔ is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)

เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: IA

iːə is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

เมีย mia̯ wife

ISO-2: IA

is เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

เจี๊ยะ t͡ɕía̯ʔ to eat (colloq)

ISO-2: IAO

iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เขียว kʰǐa̯w green

ISO-2: UEA

ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat

ISO-2: UEA

ɯə is เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare) Very rare.

เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group

ISO-2: UEAI

ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare) In ~20 words only.

เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually

ISO-2: EO

eːw is เ◌วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เหว hěːw ravine, abyss

ISO-2: EO

ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เร็ว rew fast, soon

ISO-2: OEI

ɤːj is เ◌ยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

เลย lɤ̄ːj further

ISO-2: AO

aw is เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA

เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise

U+0E41 THAI CHARACTER SARA AE

Used by: Thai

Thai

prescript long vowelɛ  Lo

ISO-2: ae

ɛː prescript long vowel.

แร rɛ̄ː to write, draw

แพง pʰɛːŋ expensive

-ɛ- prescript short vowel sometimes in closed syllables.

แก่น kɛ̀n core, kernel

Combinations (plain vowels)

ISO-2: AE

-ɛʔ is แ◌ะU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (infrequent) Not very common.

แพะ pʰɛ́ʔ goat

-ɛ- is แ◌็◌U+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU (rare)

แล็บ lɛ̀p̚ laboratory (colloq.)

ISO-2: AEO

ɛːw is แ◌วU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

แมว mɛ̄ːw cat

U+0E42 THAI CHARACTER SARA O

Used by: Thai

Thai

prescript long vowelmai oไม้โอo  Lo

ISO-2: o

prescript long vowel.

โต tōː big

จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour

Combination (plain vowel)

ISO-2: O

-o is โ◌ะU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A

โละ lóʔ to discard

(In closed syllables, this short sound is produced by the inherent vowel.)

Combination (complex vowel)

ISO-2: OI

oːj is โ◌ยU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

โบย bōːj to whip

U+0E43 THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMUAN

= sara ai mai muan

Used by: Thai

Thai

prescript diphthongmai muanไม้ม้วนäʲ  Lo

ISO-2: ai

-aj prescript diphthong.

ใบ bāj leaf

U+0E44 THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI

= sara ai mai malai

Used by: Thai

Thai

prescript diphthongmai malaiไม้มลาย  Lo

ISO-2: ai

-aj prescript diphthong.

ไก่ kàj chicken

Combination (complex vowel)

ISO-2: AI

-aj is ไ◌ยU+0E44 CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK as a variant spelling.

ไก่ย kàj chicken

U+0E45 THAI CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO

= lakkhang yao
• special vowel length indication used with 0E24 or 0E26
→ (thai character sara aa - 0E32)

Used by: Thai

Thai

vocalic vowel lengthenerɯ̃  Lo

ɯː vocalic vowel lengthener. Not used alone, and rarely used at all. Originates in Sanskrit texts.

Combinations

rɯː is ฤๅU+0E24 CHARACTER RU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO

ฤๅษี rɯ̄ː.sǐː hermit

lɯː is ฦๅU+0E26 CHARACTER LU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO

U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK

= mai yamok
• repetition

Used by: Thai

Thai

repetition symbolmájjàmòkไม้ยมก&  Lm

Shows that the previous word or group of words was repeated, eg. จริง ๆ t͡ɕīŋ t͡ɕīŋ really ทุกวัน ๆ tʰùk.wan tʰùkwan everyday

It is typically preceded and followed by a space, eg. ทุกวัน ๆ tʰùk.wan tʰùkwan everyday However, some publishers prefer to publish without a leading space,9

This character shouldn't be wrapped to the beginning of a new line on its own, and should be kept not far from the preceding text that it duplicates during justification.9

U+0E47 THAI CHARACTER MAITAIKHU​

= mai taikhu

Used by: Thai

Thai

vowel shortener/short vowelmai tai khuไม้ไต่คู้˘  Mn

One word consists of consonant + short symbol: ก็ kɔ̂ː also

Combinations (plain vowels)

Otherwise, converts vowels produced by the following three vowel signs to short vowels when they occur in closed syllables.

-e- is เ◌็◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU

เด็ก dèk̚ child

-ɛ- is แ◌็◌U+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU (rare)

น้ำแข็ง nám.kʰɛ̌ŋ ice

-ɔ- is ◌็อ◌U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG

ซ็อกเก็ต sɔ́k̚.kèt̚ socket

Combinations (complex vowels)

ISO-2: EO

ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN

เร็ว rew fast, soon

ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK

U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK​

Used by: Thai

Thai

tone markmájèːkไม้เอก¹  Mn

Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.

Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or high, the mark changes the tone to falling, eg. ง่าย ŋâːj easy

It is never used on syllables with a long vowel ending in -k, -p or -t, since the tone is already falling.

Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant to a mid tone, or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant to a rising tone, this mark changes the the tone to low, eg. ไก่ kàj chicken ไข่ kʰàj egg

It is never used with dead syllables (ie. syllables ending in a short vowel or with -p, -t, or -k) for these consonants, since the tone is already falling.

Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.

The following example shows a combination of tone changes, first to high using , then to low using the tone mark, หนึ่ง nɯ̀ŋ one

U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO​

Used by: Thai

Thai

tone markmájtʰoːไม้โท²  Mn

Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.

Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or falling, this mark changes the tone to high, eg. จ้าง t͡ɕâːŋ elephant

It is never used on syllables ending with a short vowel, or ending with -k, -t or -p after a short vowel, since the tone is already high.

Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant (to a rising or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to falling, eg. เต้น tên to dance ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee

Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.

U+0E4A THAI CHARACTER MAI TRI​

Used by: Thai

Thai

tone markmájtriːไม้ตรี³  Mn

Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to high, eg. โต๊ะ tóʔ table

This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.

Used much less frequently than  ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and  ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.

Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.

Resembles  ๗ [U+0E57 THAI DIGIT SEVEN]

U+0E4B THAI CHARACTER MAI CHATTAWA​

Used by: Thai

Thai

tone markmájtɕàttàwaːไม้จัตวา  Mn

Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to rising, eg. ก๊วยเตี๋ยว kǔa̯j.tǐa̯w noodles

This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.

Used much less frequently than  ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and  ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.

Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.

U+0E4C THAI CHARACTER THANTHAKHAT​

• cancellation mark
→ (khmer sign toandakhiat - 17CD)

Used by: Thai

Thai

cancellation markkaːran/májtʰantʰákʰâːtการันต์/ไม้ทัณฑฆาต˟  Mn

Used above a syllable when it is not pronounced (usually at the end of a syllable), eg. รถเมล์ rót̚.mēː bus ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ sàk̚.sìt̚ to be sacred

It is often used for foreign loan words, eg. คอมพิวเตอร์ kʰɔm.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː computer โปสการ์ด póːs.káːt postcard สแตมป์ satɛːm stamp แฮมเบอร์เกอร์ hɛːm.bɤː.kɤː hamburger

Since the sign can silence a whole syllable, sometimes other characters immediately preceding the one with the sign are not pronounced either, eg. ศาสตร์ sàːt̚ field กษัตริย์ kà.sàt̚ king วันจันทร์ wān.t͡ɕān Monday

Note that there are several other instances where consonants and/or vowels are not pronounced, but where this symbol is not used.

U+0E4D THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT​

= nikkhahit
• final nasal

Used infrequently by: Thai

Thai

final consonant (Only used during justification.)rare º  Mn

Final nasal. Used in Pali or Sanskrit as nigghahita or anusvara, respectively.

Not commonly used in Thai, except that when letter spacing Thai text it is necessary to add the space between the circle and the remainder of  ำ [U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM]. To do this, the application may split U+0E33 into this character and  า [U+0E32 THAI CHARACTER SARA AA]

U+0E4E THAI CHARACTER YAMAKKAN​

→ (lao yamakkan - 0ECE)

Thai

cluster markarchaic ʿ  Mn

An ancient punctuation mark used to mark clusters, such as in พ๎ราห๎มณ p̱ʰʿṟāhʿm̱ṇ̱ pʰraːmǒn

One of the functions of   [U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU] is the same.

U+0E4F THAI CHARACTER FONGMAN

• used as a bullet
→ (khmer sign phnaek muan - 17D9)

Used by: Thai

Thai

bullet  Po

Used as a bullet to introduce a list item, or to mark the beginnings of verses or paragraphs.

U+0E50 THAI DIGIT ZERO

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 0

0 digit.

U+0E51 THAI DIGIT ONE

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 1

1 digit.

U+0E52 THAI DIGIT TWO

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 2

2 digit.

U+0E53 THAI DIGIT THREE

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 3

3 digit.

U+0E54 THAI DIGIT FOUR

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 4

4 digit.

U+0E55 THAI DIGIT FIVE

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 5

5 digit.

U+0E56 THAI DIGIT SIX

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 6

6 digit.

U+0E57 THAI DIGIT SEVEN

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 7

7 digit.

U+0E58 THAI DIGIT EIGHT

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 8

8 digit.

U+0E59 THAI DIGIT NINE

Used by: Thai

Thai

digit  Nd

ISO-2: 9

9 digit.

U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU

• used to mark end of long sections
• used in combination with 0E30 to mark end of a verse

Used by: Thai

Thai

section end marker  Po

Used to mark the end of long sections, or with  ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ, to mark the end of a verse.

U+0E5B THAI CHARACTER KHOMUT

• used to mark end of chapter or document
→ (khmer sign koomuut - 17DA)

Used by: Thai

Thai

chapter/document start marker|  Po

Used to mark end of a chapter or document. It is always used following  ๚ [U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU] and  ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ๛

References & sources

1Wirote Aroonmanakun, Thoughts on Word and Sentence Segmentation in Thai

2Marie-Hélène Brown, Reading and Writing Thai, ISBN 974-210-4506

3Bernard Comrie (2018, 3rd Ed), The World's Major Languages, Thai, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-315-64493-6

4CLDR, Locale Data Summary for Thai [th]

5Stuart Campbell, Chuan Shaweevongs, The Fundamentals of the Thai Language, 5th Edition (retr. Mar 2022)

6Peter Constable, Canonical Ordering of Marks in Thai Script (retr. Dec 2022)

7Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507993-0

8GitHub, CSS, Questionable Thai words

9GitHub, Sealreq, Requirements for justification in Thai

10Benjawan Poomsan Becker, Thai for Beginners, ISBN 1-887521-00-3

11The Packnam Web Forums, Special characters in thai language

12ScriptSource, Thai

13Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0, Chapter 16.1: Southeast Asia, Thai, 639-642, ISBN 978-1-936213-16-0.

14Unicode Consortium, Unicode Line Breaking Algorithm (UAX#14)

15Wikipedia, Thai language

16Wikipedia, Thai script

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