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Information about 87 characters out of 87 in Unicode blocks associated with the Thai script.
Richard Ishida, Thai Character Notes, 23-Jun-2024, https://r12a.github.io/scripts/thai/block
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Phonological transcriptions should be treated as a guide, only. They are taken from the sources consulted, and may be narrow or broad, phonemic or phonetic, depending on what is available. They mostly represent pronunciation of words in isolation. For more detailed information about allophones, alternations, sandhi, dialectal differences, and so on, follow the links to cited references.
This is an interactive document. Click/tap on coloured examples to reveal detailed compositional information. If your browser supports it, your cursor will change to look like as you hover over these items.
Languages using the Thai script • Thai links • Other character notes
U+0E01 THAI CHARACTER KO KAI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantko kaiก ไก่k̯ Lo
ISO-2: k -k
k mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ไก่ kàj chicken
-k when syllable final.
หก hòk̚ six
U+0E02 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHAI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantkho khaiข ไข่kʰ Lo
ISO-2: kh -k
kʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ขวด kʰùa̯t̚ bottle
-k when syllable final.
มุข múk̚ face, mouth
U+0E03 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHUAT
Unicode properties
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Thai
high class consonantobsolete kho khūatฃ ขวดk̈ʰ Lo
ISO-2: kh -k
Obsolete.
kʰ high class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Now replaced by ขU+0E02 CHARACTER KHO KHAI.
ขวด kʰùa̯t̚ bottle
-k when syllable final.
U+0E04 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHWAI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantkho khwāiค ควายḵʰ Lo
ISO-2: kh -k
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo
-k when syllable final.
พรรค pʰák̚ group
U+0E05 THAI CHARACTER KHO KHON
Unicode properties
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Thai
low class consonantobsolete kho khonฅ คนḵ̈ʰ Lo
ISO-2: kh -k
Obsolete. Now replaced by คU+0E04 CHARACTER KHO KHWAI.
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฅน kʰōn person
คน kʰon man (human being)
-k when syllable final.
U+0E06 THAI CHARACTER KHO RAKHANG
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantkho ra-khangฆ ระฆังḵ̇ʰ Lo
ISO-2: kh -k
Occurs mainly in old words.
kʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ระฆัง rá.kʰaŋ temple bell
-k when syllable final.
เมฆ mêːk̚ cloud
U+0E07 THAI CHARACTER NGO NGU
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantngo nguง งูŋ̱ Lo
ISO-2: ng
ŋ low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
งู ŋūː snake
ลิง līŋ monkey
Combinations
ISO-2: ng
ŋ is also หงU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E07 CHARACTER NGO NGU, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
เหงา ŋǎw lonely
U+0E08 THAI CHARACTER CHO CHAN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantcho chanจ จานc̯ Lo
ISO-2: ch -t
t͡ɕ- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
จาน t͡ɕaːn plate
-t when syllable final.
ดุจ dùt̚ to like
U+0E09 THAI CHARACTER CHO CHING
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantcho chingฉ ฉิ่งcʰ Lo
ISO-2: ch
t͡ɕʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฉิ่ง t͡ɕʰìŋ small cymbal
Never occurs in final position.
U+0E0A THAI CHARACTER CHO CHANG
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantcho changช ช้างc̱ʰ Lo
ISO-2: ch -t
t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ช้าง t͡ɕʰáːŋ elephant
-t when syllable final.
ประโยชน์ prà.jòːt to be useful
U+0E0B THAI CHARACTER SO SO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantso soซ โซ่ṡ̱ Lo
ISO-2: s -t
s- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
โซ่ sôː chain for animals
Never occurs in syllable final position.
U+0E0C THAI CHARACTER CHO CHOE
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonant (Only occurs in a few words.)cho choeฌ เฌอċ̱ʰ Lo
ISO-2: ch
Only occurs in a few words.
t͡ɕʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush
-t when syllable final.
U+0E0D THAI CHARACTER YO YING
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantyo yingญ หญิงẏ̱ Lo
ISO-2: y -n
j- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ญี่ปุ่น jîː.pùn Japan
-n when syllable final.
บังเอิญ baŋ.ʔɤːn accidentally
Rarely occurs in final position.
Combinations
ISO-2: y
j is also หญU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E0D CHARACTER YO YING, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
เหงา ŋǎw lonely
U+0E0E THAI CHARACTER DO CHADA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantdo cha-daฎ ชฎาḍ̯ Lo
ISO-2: d -t
d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ชฎา t͡ɕʰá.daː classical dance hat
-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).
กฎ kòt̚ rule
U+0E0F THAI CHARACTER TO PATAK
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantto pa-takฏ ปฏักṭ̯ Lo
ISO-2: t
t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in initial position).
ประฏัก pràʔ.tàk harpoon
-t when syllable final.
ปรากฏ praː.kòt to seem, appear
U+0E10 THAI CHARACTER THO THAN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonanttho thanฐ ฐานṭʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (rare in onsets).
ฐาน tʰǎːn base
-t when syllable final.
ประเสริฐ prà.sɤ̀ːt precious, esteemed
U+0E11 THAI CHARACTER THO NANGMONTHO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonanttho monthoฑ มณโฑṭ̱ʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a (however, this is mainly used in syllable-final position).
มณโฑ mon.tʰoː Queen Montho
-t when syllable final.
ครุฑ kʰrút Garuda
U+0E12 THAI CHARACTER THO PHUTHAO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonanttho phu-thaoฒ ผู้เฒ่าṭ̱̇ʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ผู้เฒ่า pʰûː.tʰâw old man
-t when syllable final (nearly obsolete).
อัฒจันทร์ ʔàt.t͡ɕan.tʰá grandstand, bleacher
U+0E13 THAI CHARACTER NO NEN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantno nenณ เณรṇ̱ Lo
ISO-2: n
n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เณร neːn young monk
คุณ kʰun you s., title before given name
Mainly syllable final.
U+0E14 THAI CHARACTER DO DEK
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantdo dekด เด็กd̯ Lo
ISO-2: d -t
d- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เด็ก dèk̚ child
-t when syllable final.
ตลาด tà.làːt marketplace
U+0E15 THAI CHARACTER TO TAO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantto taoต เต่าt̯ Lo
ISO-2: t
t- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise
-t when syllable final.
ชีวิต t͡ɕʰiː.wít life, age
U+0E16 THAI CHARACTER THO THUNG
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonanttho thungถ ถุงtʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ถุง tʰǔŋ bag
-t when syllable final.
รถ rót vehicle
U+0E17 THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonanttho thahanท ทหารṯʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ทหาร tʰá.hǎːn soldier
-t when syllable final.
บาท bàːt̚ baht
U+0E18 THAI CHARACTER THO THONG
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonanttho thongธ ธงṯ̇ʰ Lo
ISO-2: th -t
tʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ธง tʰoŋ flag
-t when syllable final.
โกรธ kròːt̚ to be angry
U+0E19 THAI CHARACTER NO NU
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantno nuน หนูṉ Lo
ISO-2: n
n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a. Rare as initial.
นาน naːn long
-n when syllable final.
อ้วน ʔûːa̯n to be fat
Combinations
ISO-2: n
n is also หนU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E19 CHARACTER NO NU, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
หนู nǔː mouse
Note: sometimes this combination indicates an initial+final consonant sequence, eg.
หน hǒn road
U+0E1A THAI CHARACTER BO BAIMAI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantbo baimaiบ ใบไม้b̯ Lo
ISO-2: b -p
b- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ใบไม้ baj.máj leaf
-p when syllable final.
ดิบ dìp̚ raw, unripe
U+0E1B THAI CHARACTER PO PLA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
mid class consonantpo plaป ปลาp̯ Lo
ISO-2: p
p- mid class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ปลา plaː fish
-p when syllable final.
ทวีป tʰá.wîːp̚ continent
U+0E1C THAI CHARACTER PHO PHUNG
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantpo pheungผ ผึ้งpʰ Lo
ISO-2: ph
pʰ- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee
Never occurs in final position.
U+0E1D THAI CHARACTER FO FA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantfo fanฟ ฟันf Lo
ISO-2: f
f- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฝา fǎː lid
Never occurs in final position.
U+0E1E THAI CHARACTER PHO PHAN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantpho phanพ พานp̱ʰ Lo
ISO-2: ph -p
pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
พาน pʰaːn tray
-p when syllable final.
กรุงเทพฯ kruŋ.tʰêːp̚ Bangkok
U+0E1F THAI CHARACTER FO FAN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantfo faฝ ฝาf̱ Lo
ISO-2: f
f- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฟัน fan tooth
-p when syllable final. Occurs in final position only in a few loanwords borrowed from English.
ออฟฟิต òp.fít office
U+0E20 THAI CHARACTER PHO SAMPHAO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantpho sam-phaoภ สำเภาṗ̱ʰ Lo
ISO-2: ph -p
pʰ- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
สำเภา sǎm.pʰaw chinese junk
-p when syllable final.
ลาภ lâːp̚ fortune
U+0E21 THAI CHARACTER MO MA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantmo maม ม้าm̱ Lo
ISO-2: m
m- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ม้า máː horse
-m when syllable final.
ยิ้ม jím smile
Combinations
ISO-2: m
m- is also หมU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E21 CHARACTER MO MA, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
หมา mǎː dog
U+0E22 THAI CHARACTER YO YAK
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantyo yakย ยักษ์y̱ Lo
ISO-2: y
j low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ยักษ์ ják̚ giant
Combinations (high class)
ISO-2: y
j- is also หยU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
หยุด jùt̚ to stop
Combinations (diphthongs)
ISO-2: IA
iə is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
เมีย mia̯ wife
ISO-2: IA
iə is also เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เกี๊ยะ kía̯ʔ geta (footwear)
ISO-2: IAO
iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เขียว kʰǐa̯w green
Combinations (rhymes ending in -j)
ɯj is ◌ึยU+0E36 CHARACTER SARA UE + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare).
สยึ๋มกึ๋ย sà.jɯ̌m.kɯ̌j very scary, thrilling
ISO-2: UEAI
ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually
uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo
ISO-2: UAI
uəj is วยU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
สวย sǔa̯j pretty girl
ISO-2: UI
uːj is ◌ูยU+0E39 CHARACTER SARA UU + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
หูย hǔːj wow, oh!
ISO-2: UI
uj is ◌ุยU+0E38 CHARACTER SARA U + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
คุย kʰūj to chat
ISO-2: OEI
ɤːj is เ◌ยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
เลย lɤ̄ːj further
ISO-2: OI
oːj is โ◌ยU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
โบย bōːj to whip
ISO-2: OI
ɔːj is อยU+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ลอย lɔ̄ːj to float
ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ISO-2: AI
aːj is ายU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ขาย kʰǎːj to sell
ISO-2: AI
aj is ัยU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ภัย pʰāj danger
ISO-2: AI
aj is also ไ◌ยU+0E44 CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ไก่ย kàj chicken
U+0E23 THAI CHARACTER RO RUA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantro rueaร เรือṟ Lo
ISO-2: r -n
r- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat
-n when it appears immediately after the initial consonant with no intervening vowel sign.
นคร ná.kʰɔ̄ːn city
Silent in a few words, when it comes directly after the syllable initial. In these cases the vowel sign or tone mark falls over the ร. ทราบ sâːp̚ to know เศร้า sâw to be sad จริง t͡ɕīŋ truth
Combinations (high class)
ISO-2: r
r- is also หรU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E23 CHARACTER RO RUA, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
หรู rǔː luxurious, magnificent
Combinations (doubling)
-a- when doubled medially, eg. ธรรม tʰam justice
-an when doubled at the end of a syllable, eg. กรรไกร kankraj scissors
However, this may also constitute the end and beginning of two syllables, eg. ภรรยา pʰān.rá.jāː wife
U+0E24 THAI CHARACTER RU
Unicode properties
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Thai
vocalictua rueตัว ฤr̥ Lo
ri, rɯ, rɤː vocalic. Pronunciation varies according to the word in which it is used. Not often used in Thai.
อังกฤษ ʔāŋ.krìt̚ English
ฤตู rɯ́.tūː season
ฤกษ์ rɤ̂ːk̚ auspicious time
Combinations
rɯː is ฤๅU+0E24 CHARACTER RU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO. This combination is very rare.
ฤๅษี rɯ̄ː.sǐː hermit
Originates from Sanskrit.
U+0E25 THAI CHARACTER LO LING
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantlo lingล ลิงḻ Lo
ISO-2: l -n
l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ลิง līŋ monkey
-n when syllable final.
ตำบล tām.bōn district
Combinations (high class)
ISO-2: l
l- is also หลU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E25 CHARACTER LO LING, where the initial, silent ห converts it to a high class consonant.
หลาย lǎːj many
U+0E26 THAI CHARACTER LU
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
vocalic (Practically obsolete in Thai. )l̥ Lo
Practically obsolete in Thai.
lɯ vocalic.
ระฦก rá.lɯ́k̚ obsolete spelling of ระลึก: to recall
Combinations
lɯː is ฦๅU+0E26 CHARACTER LU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO
ฦๅชา lɯ̄ː.t͡ɕʰāː obsolete spelling of ลือชา: to be made famous
U+0E27 THAI CHARACTER WO WAEN
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
low class consonantwo waenว แหวนw̱ Lo
ISO-2: w
w- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring
-w as the second part of a syllable-initial cluster, and as the final part of a diphthong (see below).
-ua̯- vowel in closed syllables (cf. ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN below).
สวน sǔa̯n garden
Combinations (high class)
ISO-2: w
w is หวU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: IO
uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo
ISO-2: UAI
uəj is วยU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
สวย sǔa̯j pretty girl
ISO-2: UA
uə is ◌ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour
uə is also ◌ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
ผัวะ pʰùa̯ʔ whipping or slapping sound
iw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
คอมพิวเตอร์ kʰɔm.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː computer
ISO-2: IAO
iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เขียว kʰǐa̯w green
ISO-2: EO
eːw is เ◌วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เลว lēːw bad, worthless
ISO-2: EO
ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เร็ว rew fast, soon
ISO-2: AEO
ɛːw is แ◌วU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
แมว mɛ̄ːw cat
ISO-2: AO
aːw is าวU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
ขาว kʰǎːw white
Note that aw เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA doesn't use this character.
U+0E28 THAI CHARACTER SO SALA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantso salaศ ศาลาś Lo
ISO-2: s -t
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ศาลา sǎː.lāː pavilion
-t when syllable final.
อากาศ ʔāː.kàːt̚ air
Thai has 3 high class s characters. This is the most commonly used for Thai words. ษU+0E29 CHARACTER SO RUSI and สU+0E2A CHARACTER SO SUA are more common in words of foreign origin.
U+0E29 THAI CHARACTER SO RUSI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
high class consonantso rue-siษ ฤๅษีṣ Lo
ISO-2: s -t
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ฤษี rɯ́ː.sǐː hermit
-t when syllable final.
พิษ pʰít̚ poison
Thai has 3 high class s characters. ศU+0E28 CHARACTER SO SALA is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and สU+0E2A CHARACTER SO SUA are more common in words of foreign origin.
U+0E2A THAI CHARACTER SO SUA
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Thai
high class consonantso sueaส เสือs Lo
ISO-2: s -t
s- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a (only occurs in a few words).
เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger
-t when syllable final.
โอกาส ʔōː.kàːt̚ opportunity
Thai has 3 high class s characters. ศU+0E28 CHARACTER SO SALA is the most commonly used for Thai words. This character and ษU+0E29 CHARACTER SO RUSI are more common in words of foreign origin.
U+0E2B THAI CHARACTER HO HIP
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Thai
high class consonantho hipห หีบh Lo
ISO-2: h
h- high class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
หีบ hìːp̚ trunk, box
Never appears in final position.
Combinations (high class conversion)
Also used as a tone modifier, called ห นำ hɔ̌ nam. Before the following 8 consonants at the start of a syllable it is silent, but forces the following consonant to behave as if it were high class.
ISO-2: m
m is หมU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E21 CHARACTER MO MA
หมา mǎː dog
ISO-2: n
n is หนU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E19 CHARACTER NO NU
หนี้ nîː debt
ISO-2: ng
ŋ is หงU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E07 CHARACTER NGO NGU
เหงา ŋǎw lonely
ISO-2: w
w is หวU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
แหวน wɛ̌ːn ring
ISO-2: r
r is หรU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E23 CHARACTER RO RUA
หรู rǔː luxurious, magnificent
ISO-2: l
l is หลU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E25 CHARACTER LO LING
หลาย lǎːj many
ISO-2: y
j is หญU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E0D CHARACTER YO YING
หญิง jǐŋ woman
ISO-2: y
j is also หยU+0E2B CHARACTER HO HIP + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
หยุด jùt̚ to stop
An important exeption is the following, which in normal speech is pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone the text would indicate:
ไหม mǎj question particle
U+0E2C THAI CHARACTER LO CHULA
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Thai
low class consonant (Now almost obsolete in Thai.)lo chu-laฬ จุฬาḻ̇ Lo
ISO-2: l -n
Now almost obsolete in Thai.
l- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
จุฬา t͡ɕù.lāː (kind of) kite
-n low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
ลคุฬ lá.kʰūn walking stick
U+0E2D THAI CHARACTER O ANG
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Thai
mid class vowel carrier/dependent or independentvowelo angอ อ่างʔ̯ Lo
ISO-2: o
Mid class vowel carrier. Used to support vowels when there is no syllable initial consonant.
อ่าง ʔàːŋ basin, bucket
ɔː vowel when used alone in an open or closed syllable.
พ่อ pʰɔ̂ː father
พอง pʰɔ̄ːŋ to swell
a when used alone as a standalone vowel.
อเมริกา ʔà.mēː.rí.kāː America
Combinations (tone modifier)
Before 4 words it is used in syllable initial position as a modifier (not pronounced) to change the tone of ยU+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK to low. The words are: อยู่ jùː at, to live อย่า jàː do not อย่าง jàːŋ kind อยาก jàːk̚ to want
Combinations (plain vowels)
ISO-2: ŪE
ɯː is ◌ือU+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG, used because ืU+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE cannot stand alone at the end of a syllable.
คือ kʰɯ̄ː to be
ISO-2: OE
ɤː is เ◌อU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG (rare).
เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush
ISO-2: OE
ɤ is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare).
เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward
-o- is ◌็อU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: UEA
ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat
ISO-2: UEA
ɯə is also (very rarely) เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group
ISO-2: UEAI
ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK In ~20 words only.
ISO-2: OI
ɔːj is อยU+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ลอย lɔ̄ːj to float
ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
U+0E2E THAI CHARACTER HO NOKHUK
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Thai
low class consonant (Only occurs in a few words.)infrequent ho nok-hukฮ นกฮูกẖ Lo
ISO-2: h
Only occurs in a few words.
h- low class consonant with inherent vowel o a.
นกฮูก nók̚.hûːk̚ owl
Never appears in final position.
U+0E2F THAI CHARACTER PAIYANNOI
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Thai
abbreviation symbol/phrase terminatorpʰájaːnnɔ́ːj/pajjaːnlékพยาลน้อย/ไปยาลเล็ก¨ Po
Abbreviation symbol, used to indicate elision or abbreviation of letters from long words or phrases.
This is very frequently used and is viewed as a letter. Compare: กรุงเทพฯ kruŋ.tʰêːp̚ Bangkok กรุงเทพมหานคร krūŋ.tʰêːp̚.má.hǎː.ná.kʰɔ̄ːn Bangkok พณฯ ท่าน pʰōn. tʰâːn Your Excellency พณหัวเจ้าท่าน pʰōn.huːa.tɕaw.tʰâːn Your Excellency
The sequence ฯลฯ (called ไปยาลใหญ่ aʲp̯y̱āḻäʲhẏ̱¹ pajjaːnjài) means 'etc.' and is used at the end of a list to indicate that it is not all-inclusive.
Leave a space after this character.
U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A
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Thai
short vowelwisanchaniวิสรรชนีย์a Lo
ISO-2: a
-aʔ short vowel, when used alone.
จะ t͡ɕàʔ will
In writing Sanskrit, this is the visarga.
Combinations (plain vowels)
ISO-2: E
-e is เ◌ะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เกะกะ kèʔ.kàʔ disorderly
เตะ tèʔ kick
ISO-2: O
-o is โ◌ะU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
โต๊ะ tóʔ table
ISO-2: OE
-ɤ is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)
เถอะ tʰɤ̀ʔ mild imperative
เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward
ISO-2: AE
-ɛ is แ◌ะU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (infrequent) Not very common.
แยกแยะ jɛ̂ːk̚.jɛ́ʔ to elucidate
ISO-2: O
-ɔ is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)
เพราะ pʰrɔ́ʔ because
เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: IA
-iə is เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เจี๊ยะ t͡ɕía̯ʔ to eat (colloq)
ISO-2: UEA
-ɯə is เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare) Very rare.
เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group
-uə is ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
ยัวะ júa̯ʔ to be very angry (colloq.)
U+0E31 THAI CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT
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Thai
vowel (In closed syllables.)mai han a-katไม้หันอากาศä Mn
ISO-2: a
-a- vowel, in closed syllables.
ฟัน fan tooth
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: UA
uə is ัวU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour
When followed by a final consonant the vowel –ัว drops this character, eg. compare
ตัว tūa̯ body
สวน sǔa̯n garden
uə is also ัวะU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
โอยัวะ ʔōː.júa̯ʔ Thai hot, black coffee
ISO-2: AI
aj is ัยU+0E31 CHARACTER MAI HAN-AKAT + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)
ภัย pʰāj danger
U+0E32 THAI CHARACTER SARA AA
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Thai
vowellak khangลากข้างā Lo
ISO-2: a
aː vowel.
ขา kʰǎː leg
บาท bàːt̚ baht
Combination (plain vowel)
ISO-2: O
-ɔ is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)
เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island
Combinations (complex vowels)
uəːj is วายU+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ควาย kʰwaːj buffalo
ISO-2: AI
aːj is ายU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
ขาย kʰǎːj to sell
ISO-2: AO
aːw is าวU+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
ยาว jāːw long
ISO-2: AO
aw is เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA
เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise
U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM
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Thai
rhymeaᵐ Lo
am rhyme. Considered to be a simple vowel.
ตำบล tām.bōn district
This character interacts typographically with the preceding consonant, but is not classed as a combining character. The character must be kerned so that the small circle appears over the top right shoulder of the preceding consonant, and although the stored/typeed order should be consonant+tone_mark+am, the tone mark should still appear above the circle, eg.
น้ำ náːm water
U+0E34 THAI CHARACTER SARA I
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Thai
short vowelphinthu iพินทุอิi Mn
ISO-2: i
i short vowel.
ลิง līŋ monkey
กสิ kà.sìʔ agriculture
Combination (plain vowel)
ɤː is เ◌ิU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I (rare)
บังเอิญ baŋ.ʔɤːn accidentally
Combination (complex vowel)
ISO-2: IO
iw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
คิ้ว kʰíw eyebrow
U+0E35 THAI CHARACTER SARA II
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Thai
long vowelfong thongฝนทองī Mn
ISO-2: i
iː long vowel.
หีบ hìːp̚ trunk, box
คิรี kʰí.rīː mountain
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: IA
iə is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
เมีย mia̯ wife
ISO-2: IA
iə is also เ◌ียะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เปาะเปี๊ยะ pɔ̀ʔ.pía̯ʔ spring roll
ISO-2: IAO
iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เขียว kʰǐa̯w green
iːw is ◌ิวU+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN (very rare).
รีวกีว rīːw.kīːw Ryukyu (islands)
U+0E36 THAI CHARACTER SARA UE
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Thai
short vowelnikkhahitนิคหิตɯ Mn
ISO-2: ue
-ɯ- short vowel.
ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee
-ɯ short vowel (rare in open syllables).
คร่ำครึ kʰrâm.kʰrɯ́ʔ extremely old
Combination (complex vowel)
ɯj is ◌ึยU+0E36 CHARACTER SARA UE + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)
สยึ๋มกึ๋ย sà.jɯ̌m.kɯ̌j very scary, thrilling
U+0E37 THAI CHARACTER SARA UEE
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Thai
long vowelfan nuฟันหนูɯ̄ Mn
ISO-2: ue
ɯː long vowel in closed syllables ending with one of p, t, n, or m.
คืน kɯ̄ːn night
Combination (plain vowel)
ISO-2: ŪE
ɯː is ◌ือU+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
คือ kʰɯ̄ː to be
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: UEA
ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
เลือก lɯ̂a̯k̚ to choose
เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger
ISO-2: UEA
ɯəʔ is also เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (very rare).
เสือ sɯ̌a̯ tiger
ISO-2: UEAI
ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (very rare) In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually
U+0E38 THAI CHARACTER SARA U
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Thai
short voweltin yiatตีนเหยียดu Mn
ISO-2: u
u short vowel.
คุรุ kʰú.rúʔ guru
ถุง tʰǔŋ bag
Combination (complex vowel)
ISO-2: UI
uj is ุยU+0E38 CHARACTER SARA U + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)
คุย kʰūj to chat
U+0E39 THAI CHARACTER SARA UU
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Thai
long voweltin khuตีนคู้ū Mn
ISO-2: u
uː long vowel.
งู ŋūː snake
คูณ kʰūːn to multiply
Combination (complex vowel)
ISO-2: UI
uːj is ูยU+0E39 CHARACTER SARA UU + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare)
อูย ʔūːj ouch, ow
U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU
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Thai
virama (Pali)unused ͓ Mn
Pali or Sanskrit virama. Used to indicate that the inherent vowel is suppressed.
Not used in modern Thai.
U+0E40 THAI CHARACTER SARA E
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Thai
prescript long vowelmai naไม้หน้าe Lo
ISO-2: e
eː prescript long vowel.
เก kēː mischievous, naughty
เมฆ mêːk̚ cloud
Although the form with maitaikhu shown below is more common, this character may also sometimes be used in closed syllables for a short e sound.
เข่ง kʰèŋ basket
Combinations (plain vowels)
-e- is เ◌็◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU
เด็ก dèk̚ child
ISO-2: E
-e is เ◌ะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
เตะ tèʔ kick
ISO-2: OE
ɤː is เ◌อU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG (rare)
เฌอ t͡ɕʰɤː small bush
ɤː is เ◌ิ◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E34 CHARACTER SARA I (rare)
เหิน hɤ̌ːn to fly
เงิน ŋɤ̄n money, silver
ISO-2: OE
ɤ is เ◌อะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)
เกอะ kɤ́ʔ awkward
ISO-2: O
ɔ is เ◌าะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare)
เกาะ kɔ̀ʔ island
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: IA
iːə is เ◌ียU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
เมีย mia̯ wife
ISO-2: IA
เจี๊ยะ t͡ɕía̯ʔ to eat (colloq)
ISO-2: IAO
iəw is เ◌ียวU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E35 CHARACTER SARA II + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เขียว kʰǐa̯w green
ISO-2: UEA
ɯə is เ◌ือU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
เรือ rɯ̄a̯ boat
ISO-2: UEA
ɯə is เ◌ือะU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (rare) Very rare.
เลอเวือะ lɤ̄ː.wɯ́a̯ʔ Lawa ethnic group
ISO-2: UEAI
ɯəj is เ◌ือยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E37 CHARACTER SARA UEE + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK (rare) In ~20 words only.
เรื่อย rɯ̂a̯j continually
ISO-2: EO
eːw is เ◌วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เหว hěːw ravine, abyss
ISO-2: EO
ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เร็ว rew fast, soon
ISO-2: OEI
ɤːj is เ◌ยU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
เลย lɤ̄ːj further
ISO-2: AO
aw is เ◌าU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E32 CHARACTER SARA AA
เต่า tàw turtle, tortoise
U+0E41 THAI CHARACTER SARA AE
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Thai
prescript long vowelɛ Lo
ISO-2: ae
ɛː prescript long vowel.
แร rɛ̄ː to write, draw
แพง pʰɛːŋ expensive
-ɛ- prescript short vowel sometimes in closed syllables.
แก่น kɛ̀n core, kernel
Combinations (plain vowels)
ISO-2: AE
-ɛʔ is แ◌ะU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A (infrequent) Not very common.
แพะ pʰɛ́ʔ goat
-ɛ- is แ◌็◌U+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU (rare)
แล็บ lɛ̀p̚ laboratory (colloq.)
ISO-2: AEO
ɛːw is แ◌วU+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
แมว mɛ̄ːw cat
U+0E42 THAI CHARACTER SARA O
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Thai
prescript long vowelmai oไม้โอo Lo
ISO-2: o
oː prescript long vowel.
โต tōː big
จั่วโมง t͡ɕùa̯.mōːŋ hour
Combination (plain vowel)
ISO-2: O
-o is โ◌ะU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E30 CHARACTER SARA A
โละ lóʔ to discard
(In closed syllables, this short sound is produced by the inherent vowel.)
Combination (complex vowel)
ISO-2: OI
oːj is โ◌ยU+0E42 CHARACTER SARA O + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
โบย bōːj to whip
U+0E43 THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMUAN
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Thai
prescript diphthongmai muanไม้ม้วนäʲ Lo
ISO-2: ai
-aj prescript diphthong.
ใบ bāj leaf
U+0E44 THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI
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Thai
prescript diphthongmai malaiไม้มลายaʲ Lo
ISO-2: ai
-aj prescript diphthong.
ไก่ kàj chicken
Combination (complex vowel)
ISO-2: AI
-aj is ไ◌ยU+0E44 CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI + C + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK as a variant spelling.
ไก่ย kàj chicken
U+0E45 THAI CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
vocalic vowel lengthenerɯ̃ Lo
ɯː vocalic vowel lengthener. Not used alone, and rarely used at all. Originates in Sanskrit texts.
Combinations
rɯː is ฤๅU+0E24 CHARACTER RU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO
ฤๅษี rɯ̄ː.sǐː hermit
lɯː is ฦๅU+0E26 CHARACTER LU + U+0E45 CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO
U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
repetition symbolmájjàmòkไม้ยมก& Lm
Shows that the previous word or group of words was repeated, eg. จริง ๆ t͡ɕīŋ t͡ɕīŋ really ทุกวัน ๆ tʰùk.wan tʰùkwan everyday
It is typically preceded and followed by a space, eg. ทุกวัน ๆ tʰùk.wan tʰùkwan everyday However, some publishers prefer to publish without a leading space,9
This character shouldn't be wrapped to the beginning of a new line on its own, and should be kept not far from the preceding text that it duplicates during justification.9
U+0E47 THAI CHARACTER MAITAIKHU
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
vowel shortener/short vowelmai tai khuไม้ไต่คู้˘ Mn
One word consists of consonant + short symbol: ก็ kɔ̂ː also
Combinations (plain vowels)
Otherwise, converts vowels produced by the following three vowel signs to short vowels when they occur in closed syllables.
-e- is เ◌็◌U+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU
เด็ก dèk̚ child
-ɛ- is แ◌็◌U+0E41 CHARACTER SARA AE + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU (rare)
น้ำแข็ง nám.kʰɛ̌ŋ ice
-ɔ- is ◌็อ◌U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG
ซ็อกเก็ต sɔ́k̚.kèt̚ socket
Combinations (complex vowels)
ISO-2: EO
ew is เ◌็วU+0E40 CHARACTER SARA E + C + U+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E27 CHARACTER WO WAEN
เร็ว rew fast, soon
ɔj is ◌็อยU+0E47 CHARACTER MAITAIKHU + U+0E2D CHARACTER O ANG + U+0E22 CHARACTER YO YAK
U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
tone markmájèːkไม้เอก¹ Mn
Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or high, the mark changes the tone to falling, eg. ง่าย ŋâːj easy
It is never used on syllables with a long vowel ending in -k, -p or -t, since the tone is already falling.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant to a mid tone, or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant to a rising tone, this mark changes the the tone to low, eg. ไก่ kàj chicken ไข่ kʰàj egg
It is never used with dead syllables (ie. syllables ending in a short vowel or with -p, -t, or -k) for these consonants, since the tone is already falling.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
The following example shows a combination of tone changes, first to high using ห, then to low using the tone mark, หนึ่ง nɯ̀ŋ one
U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO
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Used by: Thai
Thai
tone markmájtʰoːไม้โท² Mn
Tone mark. Used to change the usual tone of a syllable. Due to historic linguistic changes this mark represents two tones.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a low class initial consonant (ค ฅ ฆ ง ช ซ ฌ ญ ฑ ฒ ณ ท ธ น ฝ พ ภ ม ย ร ล ว ฬ ฮ) to mid or falling, this mark changes the tone to high, eg. จ้าง t͡ɕâːŋ elephant
It is never used on syllables ending with a short vowel, or ending with -k, -t or -p after a short vowel, since the tone is already high.
Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), or a high (ข ฃ ฉ ฐ ถ ผ ฝ ศ ษ ส ห) class consonant (to a rising or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to falling, eg. เต้น tên to dance ผึ้ง pʰɯ̂ŋ bee
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
U+0E4A THAI CHARACTER MAI TRI
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
tone markmájtriːไม้ตรี³ Mn
Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to high, eg. โต๊ะ tóʔ table
This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.
Used much less frequently than ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
Resembles ๗ [U+0E57 THAI DIGIT SEVEN]
U+0E4B THAI CHARACTER MAI CHATTAWA
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
tone markmájtɕàttàwaːไม้จัตวา⁴ Mn
Tone mark. Where a syllable's tone would normally be set by a mid (ก จ ฎ ฏ ด ต บ ป อ) class consonant (to a mid or low tone), this mark changes the the tone to rising, eg. ก๊วยเตี๋ยว kǔa̯j.tǐa̯w noodles
This mark is only used to modify mid class consonants.
Used much less frequently than ่ [U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK] and ้ [U+0E49 THAI CHARACTER MAI THO], and typically found in onomatopoeia, particles and recent loan words.
Tone marks are positioned above the right side of the initial consonant of the syllable they mark, however when a syllable initial consists of two consonants the tone mark is placed over the second, even though the resulting tone is governed by the first. Tone marks are placed above all other marks.
U+0E4C THAI CHARACTER THANTHAKHAT
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Used by: Thai
Thai
cancellation markkaːran/májtʰantʰákʰâːtการันต์/ไม้ทัณฑฆาต˟ Mn
Used above a syllable when it is not pronounced (usually at the end of a syllable), eg. รถเมล์ rót̚.mēː bus ศักดิ์สิทธิ์ sàk̚.sìt̚ to be sacred
It is often used for foreign loan words, eg. คอมพิวเตอร์ kʰɔm.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː computer โปสการ์ด póːs.káːt postcard สแตมป์ satɛːm stamp แฮมเบอร์เกอร์ hɛːm.bɤː.kɤː hamburger
Since the sign can silence a whole syllable, sometimes other characters immediately preceding the one with the sign are not pronounced either, eg. ศาสตร์ sàːt̚ field กษัตริย์ kà.sàt̚ king วันจันทร์ wān.t͡ɕān Monday
Note that there are several other instances where consonants and/or vowels are not pronounced, but where this symbol is not used.
U+0E4D THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT
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Used infrequently by: Thai
Thai
final consonant (Only used during justification.)rare º Mn
Final nasal. Used in Pali or Sanskrit as nigghahita or anusvara, respectively.
Not commonly used in Thai, except that when letter spacing Thai text it is necessary to add the space between the circle and the remainder of ำ [U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM]. To do this, the application may split U+0E33 into this character and า [U+0E32 THAI CHARACTER SARA AA]
U+0E4E THAI CHARACTER YAMAKKAN
Unicode properties
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Thai
cluster markarchaic ʿ Mn
An ancient punctuation mark used to mark clusters, such as in พ๎ราห๎มณ p̱ʰʿṟāhʿm̱ṇ̱ pʰraːmǒn
One of the functions of ฺ [U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU] is the same.
U+0E4F THAI CHARACTER FONGMAN
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Thai
bullet• Po
Used as a bullet to introduce a list item, or to mark the beginnings of verses or paragraphs.
U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU
Unicode properties
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Used by: Thai
Thai
section end marker¶ Po
Used to mark the end of long sections, or with ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ, to mark the end of a verse.
U+0E5B THAI CHARACTER KHOMUT
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Used by: Thai
Thai
chapter/document start marker| Po
Used to mark end of a chapter or document. It is always used following ๚ [U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU] and ะ [U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A], ie. ๚ะ๛
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5Stuart Campbell, Chuan Shaweevongs, The Fundamentals of the Thai Language, 5th Edition (retr. Mar 2022)
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7Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-507993-0✓
8GitHub, CSS, Questionable Thai words✓
9GitHub, Sealreq, Requirements for justification in Thai✓
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13Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0, Chapter 16.1: Southeast Asia, Thai, 639-642, ISBN 978-1-936213-16-0.
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16Wikipedia, Thai script✓