ꪀ
k as initial, low class consonant.
ꪀꪚꪾ
-k or -ʔ when syllable final
ꪵꪀ꪿ꪙ
`, '\u{AA81}': `ꪁ
k high class consonant.
ꪶꪁꪙ
`, '\u{AA82}': `ꪂ
kʰ low class consonant.
`, '\u{AA83}': `ꪃ
kʰ high class consonant.
`, '\u{AA84}': `ꪄ
x low class consonant.
ꪄꪴ꪿ꪙ
`, '\u{AA85}': `ꪅ
x high class consonant.
ꪅꪺꪀ
`, '\u{AA86}': `ꪆ
g low class consonant.
`, '\u{AA87}': `ꪇ
g high class consonant.
`, '\u{AA88}': `ꪈ
ŋ low class consonant.
`, '\u{AA89}': `ꪉ
ŋ high class consonant.
ꪉꪴ
-ŋ This letter is the one used for syllable final position.
ꪭ꫁ꪮꪉ
`, '\u{AA8A}': `ꪊ
t͡ɕ low class consonant.
ꪊꪰ꪿ꪉ
`, '\u{AA8B}': `ꪋ
t͡ɕ high class consonant.
ꪋ꫁ꪱꪉ
`, '\u{AA8C}': `ꪌ
t͡ɕʰ low class consonant.
`, '\u{AA8D}': `ꪍ
t͡ɕʰ high class consonant.
`, '\u{AA8E}': `ꪎ
s low class consonant.
ꪎꪮꪉ
`, '\u{AA8F}': `ꪏ
s high class consonant.
ꪏꪳ꫁
`, '\u{AA90}': `ꪐ
ɲ low class consonant.
ꪐ꫁ꪱ
`, '\u{AA91}': `ꪑ
ɲ high class consonant.
ꪑꪱꪣ
`, '\u{AA92}': `ꪒ
d as initial, low class consonant.
ꪼꪒ꫁
-t when syllable final.
ꪔꪰꪒ
`, '\u{AA93}': `ꪓ
d high class consonant.
`, '\u{AA94}': `ꪔ
t low class consonant.
ꪔꪰꪒ
`, '\u{AA95}': `ꪕ
t high class consonant.
ꪼꪕꪒꪾ
`, '\u{AA96}': `ꪖ
tʰ low class consonant.
ꪖꪲ꫁ꪣ
`, '\u{AA97}': `ꪗ
tʰ high class consonant.
`, '\u{AA98}': `ꪘ
n low class consonant.
ꪘꪰꪉ
`, '\u{AA99}': `ꪙ
n high class consonant.
ꪙꪰ꪿ꪉ
-n This letter is the one used for syllable final position.
ꪜꪳꪙ
`, '\u{AA9A}': `ꪚ
b as an initial, low class consonant.
ꪹꪚꪙ
-p when syllable final.
ꪎꪲꪚ
Combinations
-ap in some dialects is ꪚꪾ [U+AA9A TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO + U+AABE TAI VIET VOWEL AM]. Note that the order of code points here is different from the spoken order.
ꪀꪚꪾ
`, '\u{AA9B}': `ꪛ
b high class consonant.
ꪛꪱꪜꪺ
`, '\u{AA9C}': `ꪜ
p low-class consonant.
ꪜꪳꪙ
`, '\u{AA9D}': `ꪝ
p high-class consonant.
ꪝ꪿ꪮꪣ
`, '\u{AA9E}': `ꪞ
pʰ low class consonant.
`, '\u{AA9F}': `ꪟ
pʰ high class consonant.
`, '\u{AAA0}': `ꪠ
f low class consonant.
ꪶꪠꪙ
`, '\u{AAA1}': `ꪡ
f high class consonant.
ꪼꪡꪡ꫁ꪱ
`, '\u{AAA2}': `ꪢ
m low class consonant.
ꪢꪱ
`, '\u{AAA3}': `ꪣ
m high class consonant.
ꪣꪸ
-m This letter is the one used for syllable final position.
ꪹꪔꪸꪣ
`, '\u{AAA4}': `ꪤ
j low class consonant.
`, '\u{AAA5}': `ꪥ
-j syllable-final glide.
ꪁꪫꪱꪥ
ꪭ꫁ꪮꪥ
Composite vowel
ʷɛ occurs with velar consonants as either ꪵ◌ꪫ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] or ꪵ◌ꪫꪥ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] + [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO].
The former sequence is ambiguous in open syllables. It can be interpreted as either Cɛw (see the 'cat' example above), or as Cʷɛ (where C represents a velar consonant). To eliminate this ambiguity, the character ꪥ [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO] is sometimes appended to the end of the sequence to indicate the second pronunciation. Since j never occurs after ɛ, this can be done without creating a new ambiguity. This spelling is only used in some dialects of the traditional script. However, it has been adopted as a standard spelling in a project sponsored by the Son La Department of Science and Technology.b,6
ꪵꪁꪫꪥ
Alternatively, the position of a tone mark can help disambiguate the pronunciationb,5. Compare ꪵꪀ꫁ꪫ ɛḵ²w kɛw³ ꪵꪀꪫ꫁ ɛḵw² kʷɛ³
`, '\u{AAA6}': `ꪦ
r low class consonant.
`, '\u{AAA7}': `ꪧ
r high class consonant.
`, '\u{AAA8}': `ꪨ
l low class consonant.
ꪨꪰꪉ
`, '\u{AAA9}': `ꪩ
l high class consonant.
ꪩꪴꪀ
`, '\u{AAAA}': `ꪪ
v low class consonant.
`, '\u{AAAB}': `ꪫ
This letter has several uses.
v high class consonant.
ꪫꪸꪀ
ꪹꪫ꫁ꪱ
-w syllable-final glide.
ꪔꪲꪫ
ꪵꪣꪫ
-ʷ- medial glide, used after velar consonants.b4
ꪁꪫꪱꪥ
The placement of a vowel sign can help avoid ambiguity hereb,5: compare ꪀꪲꪫ ḵiw kiw ꪀꪫꪲ ḵʷi kʷi
Composite vowel
ʷɛ occurs with velar consonants as either ꪵ◌ꪫ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] or ꪵ◌ꪫꪥ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] + [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO].
The former sequence is ambiguous in open syllables. It can be interpreted as either Cɛw (see the 'cat' example above), or as Cʷɛ (where C represents a velar consonant). To eliminate this ambiguity, the character ꪥ [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO] is sometimes appended to the end of the sequence to indicate the second pronunciation. Since j never occurs after ɛ, this can be done without creating a new ambiguity. This spelling is only used in some dialects of the traditional script. However, it has been adopted as a standard spelling in a project sponsored by the Son La Department of Science and Technology.b,6
ꪵꪁꪫꪥ
Alternatively, the position of a tone mark can help disambiguate the pronunciationb,5. Compare ꪵꪀ꫁ꪫ ɛḵ²w kɛw³ ꪵꪀꪫ꫁ ɛḵw² kʷɛ³
`, '\u{AAAC}': `ꪬ
h low class consonant.
ꪹꪬꪷꪉ
`, '\u{AAAD}': `ꪭ
h high class consonant.
ꪭꪴꪒ
`, '\u{AAAE}': `ꪮ
Functions as both a consonant and a vowel. In the following example it appears as both, being a vowel base for itself.
ꪮꪮꪀ
ʔ consonant and also a carrier for vowel signs to represent standalone vowels.
ꪮ꪿ꪱꪉ
ɔ as a vowel.
ꪕ꫁ꪮꪉ
`, '\u{AAAF}': `ꪯ
ʔ high class consonant.
`, '\u{AAB0}': `ꪰ
a vowel.
ꪔꪰꪒ
Composite vowels
ə is ꪹ◌ꪰ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB0 TAI VIET MAI KANG].
ꪹꪬꪰꪉ hən
`, '\u{AAB1}': `ꪱ
aː vowel.
ꪮ꪿ꪱꪉ
Composite vowel
aːw is ꪹ◌ꪱ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB1 TAI VIET VOWEL AA].
ꪹꪉꪱ
`, '\u{AAB2}': `ꪲ
i vowel.
ꪔꪲꪫ
`, '\u{AAB3}': `ꪳ
ɨ vowel.
ꪜꪳꪙ
`, '\u{AAB4}': `ꪴ
u vowel.
ꪄꪴ꪿ꪙ
`, '\u{AAB5}': `ꪵ
ɛ vowel.
ꪵꪀ꪿ꪙ
Composite vowel
ʷɛ occurs with velar consonants as either ꪵ◌ꪫ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] or ꪵ◌ꪫꪥ [U+AAB5 TAI VIET VOWEL E + U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO] + [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO].
The former sequence is ambiguous in open syllables. It can be interpreted as either Cɛw, or as Cʷɛ (where C represents a velar consonant). To eliminate this ambiguity, the character ꪥ [U+AAA5 TAI VIET LETTER HIGH YO] is sometimes appended to the end of the sequence to indicate the second pronunciation. Since j never occurs after ɛ, this can be done without creating a new ambiguity. This spelling is only used in some dialects of the traditional script. However, it has been adopted as a standard spelling in a project sponsored by the Son La Department of Science and Technology.b,6
ꪵꪁꪫꪥ
Alternatively, the position of a tone mark can help disambiguate the pronunciationb,5. Compare ꪵꪀ꫁ꪫ ɛḵ²w kɛw³ ꪵꪀꪫ꫁ ɛḵw² kʷɛ³
`, '\u{AAB6}': `ꪶ
o vowel.
ꪶꪄꪙ
`, '\u{AAB7}': `ꪷ
ɔ vowel.
ꪝꪷ
Only used in open syllables.
`, '\u{AAB8}': `ꪸ
iə diphthong.
ꪣꪸ
Composite vowel
e is ꪹ◌ꪸ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB8 TAI VIET VOWEL IA].
ꪹꪔꪸꪣ
`, '\u{AAB9}': `ꪹ
ɨə diphthong. This is an ordinary spacing letter that is typed and stored before the syllable onset consonant.
ꪹꪎ
Composite vowels
e is ꪹ◌ꪸ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB8 TAI VIET VOWEL IA].
ꪹꪔꪸꪣ
ə is ꪹ◌ꪰ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB0 TAI VIET MAI KANG].
ꪹꪬꪰꪉ hən
aːw is ꪹ◌ꪱ [U+AAB9 TAI VIET VOWEL UEA + U+AAB1 TAI VIET VOWEL AA].
ꪹꪉꪱ
`, '\u{AABA}': `ꪺ
uə diphthong. This is an ordinary spacing letter that is typed and stored after the syllable onset consonant.
ꪎ꫁ꪺꪉ
`, '\u{AABB}': `ꪻ
əw diphthong. This is an ordinary spacing letter that is typed and stored before the syllable onset consonant.
ꪻꪐ꪿
`, '\u{AABC}': `ꪼ
aj diphthong. This is an ordinary spacing letter that is typed and stored before the syllable onset consonant.
ꪼꪒ꫁
`, '\u{AABD}': `ꪽ
an vowel plus final consonant.
ꪜ꫁ꪽ
In some dialects, this letter can be used in isolation to represent the word nan⁶ that.
`, '\u{AABE}': `ꪾ
am vowel plus final consonant.
ꪁꪾ
Combinations
ap in some dialects is ꪚꪾ [U+AA9A TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO + U+AABE TAI VIET VOWEL AM]. Note that the order of code points here is different from the spoken order.
ꪀꪚꪾ
`, '\u{AABF}': `꪿
Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 5 for high onsets, eg. TBD, and tone 2 for low, eg. ꪄꪴ꪿ꪙ
Combining tone marks were originated by Tai Dam speakers in the United States, using Lao tone marks. The Tai community in Vietnam, however, invented their own spacing tone marks written on the base line at the end of the syllable. This mark corresponds to ꫀ [U+AAC0 TAI VIET TONE MAI NUENG].b,7
`, '\u{AAC0}': `ꫀ
Written at the end of unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 5 for high onsets, eg. TBD, and tone 2 for low, eg. ꪄꪴꪙꫀ
Spacing tone marks were originated by the Tai community in Vietnam. Tai Dam speakers in the United States, however, invented their own combining tone marks based on Lao. This character corresponds to ꪿ [U+AABF TAI VIET TONE MAI EK]. b,7
`, '\u{AAC1}': `꫁
Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 6 for high onsets, eg. TBD, and tone 3 for low, eg. ꪎ꫁ꪺꪉ
Combining tone marks were originated by Tai Dam speakers in the United States, using Lao tone marks. The Tai community in Vietnam, however, invented their own spacing tone marks written on the base line at the end of the syllable. This mark corresponds to ꫂ [U+AAC2 TAI VIET TONE MAI SONG]. b,7
`, '\u{AAC2}': `ꫂ
Written at the end of unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 6 for high onsets, eg. TBD, and tone 3 for low, eg. ꪎꪺꪉꫂ
Spacing tone marks were originated by the Tai community in Vietnam. Tai Dam speakers in the United States, however, invented their own combining tone marks based on Lao. This character corresponds to ꫁ [U+AAC1 TAI VIET TONE MAI THO]. b,7
`, '\u{AADB}': `ꫛ
Used with the meaning person. The ligature is used to distinguish between homophonous wordsb,9 such as ꫛ ꪶꪁꪙ
`, '\u{AADC}': `ꫜ
Ligature for the word one.b,9
`, '\u{AADD}': `ꫝ
Signals repetition of the previous word.
`, '\u{AADE}': `꫞
Used at the beginning of text in songs and poems.
`, '\u{AADF}': `꫟
Used at the end of text in songs and poems.
`, }