𐒰
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B1}': `𐒱
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B2}': `𐒲
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B3}': `𐒳
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B4}': `𐒴
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B5}': `𐒵
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B6}': `𐒶
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B7}': `𐒷
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B8}': `𐒸
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104B9}': `𐒹
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BA}': `𐒺
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BB}': `𐒻
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BC}': `𐒼
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BD}': `𐒽
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BE}': `𐒾
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104BF}': `𐒿
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C0}': `𐓀
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C1}': `𐓁
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C2}': `𐓂
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C3}': `𐓃
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C4}': `𐓄
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C5}': `𐓅
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C6}': `𐓆
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C7}': `𐓇
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C8}': `𐓈
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104C9}': `𐓉
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CA}': `𐓊
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CB}': `𐓋
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CC}': `𐓌
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CD}': `𐓍
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CE}': `𐓎
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104CF}': `𐓏
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104D0}': `𐓐
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104D1}': `𐓑
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104D2}': `𐓒
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104D3}': `𐓓
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{104D8}': `𐓘
ษ eg. ๐๐ฐ๐อ๐ค๐ ษ in fast speech after a stressed syllable or at the end of a word.wl
Nasalisation. This vowel is nasalised using 𐓘͘ [U+104D8 OSAGE SMALL LETTER A + U+0358 COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT], eg. ๐ป๐อ
รต and รฃ can often be interchangeable.q For ษษชฬ see 𐓚 [U+104DA OSAGE SMALL LETTER AIN].
`, '\u{104D9}': `𐓙
aษช eg. ๐ค๐๐ก๐ฃ๐ค๐
`, '\u{104DA}': `𐓚
aษชฬ, eg. ๐ก๐
`, '\u{104DB}': `𐓛
ษ, eg. ๐ง๐๐๐
Nasalisation. This vowel is nasalised using 𐓛͘ [U+104DB OSAGE SMALL LETTER AH + U+0358 COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT], eg. ๐ป๐ถ๐๐ฐ๐อ
`, '\u{104DC}': `𐓜
bษน, eg. ๐๐๐ฅ๐
`, '\u{104DD}': `𐓝
tอกส, eg. ๐๐ช๐ฌ๐
`, '\u{104DE}': `𐓞
สฐtอกส, eg. ๐ท๐ฃ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฌ๐
The Osage Nation doesn't teach the use of this character. It is mostly used in dictionaries or other places where the orthography needs to be more precise. For example, my grandchild wiสฐtอกสรณสpษ is written ๐ท๐ฃ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฌ๐, using 𐓝 [U+104DD OSAGE SMALL LETTER CHA], rather than ๐ท๐ฃ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ฌ๐.
`, '\u{104DF}': `𐓟
ฮต, eg. ๐๐ค๐ชอ
Sometimes it can sound a little like e.
Nasalisation. For ฮตษชฬ see 𐓠 [U+104E0 OSAGE SMALL LETTER EIN].
`, '\u{104E0}': `𐓠
eษชฬ, eg. ๐ฏ๐๐ต๐ชอ๐จ๐
`, '\u{104E1}': `𐓡
h, eg. ๐ก๐ฃ
`, '\u{104E2}': `𐓢
hสฒ, eg. ๐ฌ๐๐ข๐ถ
`, '\u{104E3}': `𐓣
i, eg. ๐ฃ๐ก๐
Nasalisation. This vowel is nasalised using 𐓣͘ [U+104E3 OSAGE SMALL LETTER I + U+0358 COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT], eg. ๐ก๐ฃอ
`, '\u{104E4}': `𐓤
k, eg. ๐ค๐ฃ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ช๐จ๐
Aspiration.Modern Osage represents what used to be post-aspirated kสฐ as kx and kส. Those sounds are written using 𐓤𐓸 [U+104E4 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KA + U+104F8 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KHA] and 𐓤𐓯 [U+104E4 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KA + U+104EF OSAGE SMALL LETTER SHA], respectively, eg. ๐ค๐ธ๐๐ป๐ฃอ ๐ค๐ฏ๐ชอ๐ค๐
Pre-aspirated สฐk can be represented using 𐓥 [U+104E5 OSAGE SMALL LETTER EHKA].
Ejective. kห is produced by the combination 𐓤ʼ [U+104E4 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KA + U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE].
`, '\u{104E5}': `𐓥
สฐk, eg. ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ฎ๐
kk in some dialects.
The Osage Nation doesn't teach the use of this character. It is mostly used in dictionaries or other places where the orthography needs to be more precise. For example, pig สฐkoหสฐkรณsษ is written ๐ค๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ฎ๐, using 𐓤 [U+104E4 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KA], rather than ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฅ๐ช๐ฎ๐.
`, '\u{104E6}': `𐓦
kสฒ, eg. ๐ฉ๐ฃ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ถ๐
`, '\u{104E7}': `𐓧
l, eg. ๐ง๐ชอ
`, '\u{104E8}': `𐓨
m, eg. ๐จ๐ฃ
`, '\u{104E9}': `𐓩
n, eg. ๐ฉ๐อ๐น๐
`, '\u{104EA}': `𐓪
o, eg. ๐ช๐ก๐ช
Nasalisation. This vowel is nasalised using 𐓪͘ [U+104EA OSAGE SMALL LETTER O + U+0358 COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT], eg. ๐ช๐ก๐ชอ
รต and รฃ can often be interchangeable.q For oษชฬ see 𐓫 [U+104EB OSAGE SMALL LETTER OIN].
`, '\u{104EB}': `𐓫
oษชฬ, eg. ๐ท๐๐ก๐ซ
`, '\u{104EC}': `𐓬
p, eg. ๐ฌ๐ฬ๐น๐ชฬ
Aspiration.Modern Osage represents what used to be post-aspirated pสฐ as px and pส. Those sounds are written using 𐓬𐓸 [U+104EC OSAGE SMALL LETTER PA + U+104F8 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KHA] and 𐓬𐓯 [U+104EC OSAGE SMALL LETTER PA + U+104EF OSAGE SMALL LETTER SHA], respectively, eg. ๐ช๐ฌ๐ธ๐อ ๐ช๐ค๐ฃ๐ฌ๐ฏ๐
Pre-aspirated สฐp can be represented using 𐓭 [U+104ED OSAGE SMALL LETTER EHPA].
Ejective. pห is produced by the combination 𐓬ʼ [U+104EC OSAGE SMALL LETTER PA + U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE], eg. ๐ฌสผ๐ช๐ต๐ชอ
`, '\u{104ED}': `𐓭
สฐp, eg. ๐ญ๐๐บ๐
pp in some dialects
The Osage Nation doesn't teach the use of this character. It is mostly used in dictionaries or other places where the orthography needs to be more precise. For example, evening สฐpษzษฬ is written ๐ฌ๐๐บ๐, using 𐓬 [U+104EC OSAGE SMALL LETTER PA], rather than ๐ญ๐๐บ๐.
`, '\u{104EE}': `𐓮
s, eg. ๐ฎ๐๐ฌ๐
`, '\u{104EF}': `𐓯
ส, eg. ๐ฏ๐๐ญ๐
`, '\u{104F0}': `𐓰
t, eg. ๐ฐ๐ชอ๐ฌ๐
Aspiration.Modern Osage represents what used to be post-aspirated tสฐ as tx and tส. Those sounds are written using 𐓰𐓸 [U+104F0 OSAGE SMALL LETTER TA + U+104F8 OSAGE SMALL LETTER KHA] and 𐓝 [U+104DD OSAGE SMALL LETTER CHA], respectively, eg. ๐ค๐๐ฐ๐ธ๐ ๐ถ๐๐๐ฌ๐
Pre-aspirated สฐt can be represented using 𐓱 [U+104F1 OSAGE SMALL LETTER EHTA].
`, '\u{104F1}': `𐓱
สฐt, eg. ๐ฑ๐อ๐ท๐อ
tt in some dialects.
The Osage Nation doesn't teach the use of this character. It is mostly used in dictionaries or other places where the orthography needs to be more precise. For example, deer สฐtษฬห is written ๐ฐ๐, using 𐓰 [U+104F0 OSAGE SMALL LETTER TA], rather than ๐ฑ๐.
`, '\u{104F2}': `𐓲
tอกs, eg. ๐ฒ๐
Aspiration. Osage represents post-aspirated tอกsสฐ using 𐓴 [U+104F4 OSAGE SMALL LETTER TSHA], eg. ๐ท๐๐ด๐ฃ
Pre-aspirated สฐtอกs can be represented using 𐓳 [U+104F3 OSAGE SMALL LETTER EHTSA].
Ejective. tอกsห is produced by the combination 𐓲ʼ [U+104F2 OSAGE SMALL LETTER TSA + U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE], eg. ๐ท๐๐ฒสผ๐อ
`, '\u{104F3}': `𐓳
สฐtอกs, eg. ๐ณ๐ฃ
The Osage Nation doesn't teach the use of this character. It is mostly used in dictionaries or other places where the orthography needs to be more precise. For example, house สฐtอกsi is written ๐ฒ๐ฃ, using 𐓲 [U+104F2 OSAGE SMALL LETTER TSA], rather than ๐ณ๐ฃ.
`, '\u{104F4}': `𐓴
tอกsสฐ, eg. ๐ท๐๐ด๐ฃ
`, '\u{104F5}': `𐓵
รฐ, eg. ๐ต๐๐ท๐
`, '\u{104F6}': `𐓶
u, eg. ๐ถ๐๐๐ฌ๐
This sound has a variable pronunciation, and may be realised as ส or y following a velar plosive or near a front vowel with no intervening plosive. It may also conflate with i after รฐ or n.wl
`, '\u{104F7}': `𐓷
w, eg. ๐ท๐๐ด๐ฃ
`, '\u{104F8}': `𐓸
x, eg. ๐ธ๐ชฬอ๐ฒ๐
`, '\u{104F9}': `𐓹
ษฃ, eg. ๐น๐๐ค๐
`, '\u{104FA}': `𐓺
z, eg. ๐บ๐อ๐ฌ๐
`, '\u{104FB}': `𐓻
ส, eg. ๐ป๐อ
`, // OTHER CHARACTERS '\u{02BC}': `Used after 3 plosives to turn them into ejectives, eg. compare ๐ฒสผ๐๐ค๐ ๐ฒ๐๐ค๐
Combinations
Used over a vowel to signal the location of a pitch accent, eg. ๐ก๐ฬ๐ฌ๐
The Osage Nation educational materials don't teach students to use this, and its use is generally only for the precise phonetic labelling of words, such as one might find in a dictionary.
`, '\u{0304}': `Can be used over a vowel to indicate that it is long, eg. ๐ฌ๐ฬ๐น๐ชฬ
When a vowel is both long and accented, use ̋ [U+030B COMBINING DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT].
The Osage Nation educational materials don't teach students to use this, and its use is generally only for the precise phonetic labelling of words, such as one might find in a dictionary.
`, '\u{030B}': `Used over a vowel to indicate that it is both long and accented, eg. ๐ฐ๐ฬ๐๐อ
The Osage Nation educational materials don't teach students to use this, and its use is generally only for the precise phonetic labelling of words, such as one might find in a dictionary.
`, '\u{0358}': `Used alongside vowels to indicate nasalisation, eg. ๐ฏ๐ชอ๐ค๐
This replaces ^ [U+005E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT], which was formerly used to indicate nasalisation.
`, '\u{0021}': `!
Exclamation mark.
`, '\u{0028}': `(
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{0029}': `)
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{002C}': `,
Comma.
`, '\u{002E}': `.
Full stop.
`, '\u{003A}': `:
Colon.
`, '\u{003B}': `;
Semicolon.
`, '\u{003F}': `?
Question mark.
`, '\u{2013}': `–
En dash.
`, '\u{2014}': `—
Em dash.
`, '\u{2018}': `‘
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{2019}': `’
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201C}': `“
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201D}': `”
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{2026}': `…
Ellipsis.
`, }