!
Exclamation mark.
`, '\u{0025}': `%
Percentage mark.
`, '\u{0027}': `'
Apostrophe.
`, '\u{0028}': `(
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{0029}': `)
Parenthesis.
`, '\u{002C}': `,
Comma.
`, '\u{002D}': `-
Hyphen.
Combinations
latn-bm
ipa is latn-bm usage
`, '\u{002E}': `
.
Full stop.
`, '\u{003A}': `:
Colon.
`, '\u{003B}': `;
Semicolon.
`, '\u{003F}': `?
Question mark.
`, '\u{0041}': `A
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0042}': `B
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0043}': `C
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0044}': `D
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0045}': `E
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0046}': `F
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0047}': `G
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0048}': `H
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0049}': `I
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004A}': `J
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004B}': `K
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004C}': `L
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004D}': `M
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004E}': `N
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{004F}': `O
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0050}': `P
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0052}': `R
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0053}': `S
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0054}': `T
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0055}': `U
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0057}': `W
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0059}': `Y
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{005A}': `Z
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0061}': `a
a vowel.
abada
Combinations
aː is aa. laada
ã is an. danfara
`, '\u{0062}': `b
b consonant.
bɛnba
Combinations
nb
m͡b is a pre-nasalised consonant, sometimes spelled mb, but more commonly written nb.
mburu nbuuru `, '\u{0063}': `c
t͡ʃ consonant.
cɛncɛn
Combinations
nc
ɲ͡tʃ pre-nasalised consonant, is written nc. ncɔgɔn `, '\u{0064}': `
d
d eg. danfara
Combinations
n͡d a pre-nasalised consonant, is nd. ndoro
`, '\u{0064}': `d
d consonant.
danfara
Combinations
n͡d pre-nasalised consonant, is nd. ndoro `, '\u{0065}': `
e
e vowel.
dege
Combinations
eː is ee.
seere
ẽ is en.
denkɛ
`, '\u{0066}': `f
f consonant.
furufɛn
Combinations
m͡f pre-nasalised consonant, is written nf.
nfirinfirin
`, '\u{0067}': `g
ɡ consonant.
gɔngɔrɔ
ɡʷ often, especially before a, e, or ɛ, but never before igd,16. This may or may not be expressed in the spelling.
gɛsɛ
gwɛsɛ
ɣ sometimes between two identical vowels that are either a or ɔ (and occasionally o),gd,17.
saga
Combinations
ŋ͡ɡ pre-nasalised consonant, is written ng.
ngɔnɔ
`, '\u{0068}': `h
h consonant.
habada
Combinations
sh
ʃ is sh (used for non-native sounds in loan words) loanword transliterations.
shinye
kh
ɣ is kh (used for non-native sounds in loan words) loanword transliterations
`, '\u{0069}': `
i
i vowel.
misi
Combinations
iː is ii.
amiina
ĩ is in.
dɔɔnin
`, '\u{006A}': `j
d͡ʒ consonant.
jankamu
`, '\u{006B}': `
k
k consonant.
kamalen
Combinations
kh
ɣ is kh (used for non-native sounds in loan words) loanword transliterations
ŋ͡k pre-nasalised consonant, is written nk.
nkɔyɔ
`, '\u{006C}': `l
l consonant.
labilali
`, '\u{006D}': `
m
m consonant.
mɔ̀muso
Combinations
This letter is sometimes used to represent a prenasalised labial stop, but prenasalised sounds are usually written with n.
mpan
npan
`, '\u{006E}': `n
n consonant.
naani
Prenasalised sounds
This letter appears before other letters at the beginning of a syllable to indicate that they are prenasalised.
np
m͡p is np
npan
nb
m͡b is nb
nbuuru
nt
n͡t is nt
ntɔn
ns
n͡z is ns
nsaajɛ
nc
n͡ʃ is nc
ncɔgɔn
Nasalised vowels
◌̃ As a syllable-final consonant letter this indicates nasalisation of the vowel.
bananku
`, '\u{006F}': `
o
o vowel.
nafolo
Combinations
oː is oo.
doolen
õ is on.
donso
`, '\u{0070}': `p
p rare, and generally only used word-initiallygd,15, eg. pan peresidan
Combinations
m͡p is a pre-nasalised consonant, sometimes spelled mp, but more commonly written np, eg. mpan npan
`, '\u{0070}': `p
p consonant, rare, and generally only used word-initiallygd,15.
pan
peresidan
Combinations
np
m͡p is a pre-nasalised consonant, sometimes spelled mp, but more commonly written np.
mpan
npan
`, '\u{0072}': `r
r consonant, not used initially.
hɛrɛ
`, '\u{0073}': `
s
s consonant.
sɛsi
z after nasalised vowels or pre-nasalisationgd,17.
donso
Combinations
n͡z pre-nasalised consonant, is written ns.
nsaajɛ
ʃ can be written sh.
shinye
`, '\u{0074}': `t
t consonant.
taafan
Combinations
nt
n͡t pre-nasalised consonant, is nt
ntori
`, '\u{0075}': `u
u vowel.
dugu
Combinations
uː is uu.
nbuuru
ũ is un.
dɔgɔkun
`, '\u{0077}': `w
w consonant.
wolonwula
u at the end of a word, to express plurals.
falenfɛnw
`, '\u{0079}': `
y
j consonant.
yoya
`, '\u{007A}': `
z
z eg. zaban
It often occurs as a replacement for the French ʒ, eg. zandarmu
This is an optional variant form of words spelled with nscdl, eg. zɛrɛ nsɛrɛ
It's not clear what is the effect on pronunciation.
`, '\u{007A}': `z
z consonant.
zaban
It often occurs as a replacement for the French ʒ.
zandarmu
This is an optional variant form of words spelled with nscdl.
zɛrɛ
nsɛrɛ
It's not clear what is the effect on pronunciation.
`, '\u{00AB}': `«
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{00BB}': `»
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{00C0}': `À
Rare.
a˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00C1}': `
Á
Rare.
a˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00C8}': `
È
Rare.
e˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00C9}': `
É
Rare.
e˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00CC}': `
Ì
Rare.
i˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00CD}': `
Í
Rare.
i˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00D2}': `
Ò
Rare.
o˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00D3}': `
Ó
Rare.
o˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00D9}': `
Ù
Rare.
u˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00DA}': `
Ú
Rare.
u˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00E0}': `
à
Rare.
a˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00E1}': `
á
Rare.
a˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00E8}': `
è
Rare.
e˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00E9}': `
é
Rare.
e˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00EC}': `
ì
Rare.
i˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00ED}': `
í
Rare.
i˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00F2}': `
ò
Rare.
o˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00F3}': `
ó
Rare.
o˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{00F9}': `
ù
Rare.
u˨ vowel with low tone.
`, '\u{00FA}': `
ú
Rare.
u˦ vowel with high tone.
`, '\u{011A}': `
Ě
Rare.
e˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{011B}': `
ě
Rare.
e˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{014A}': `
Ŋ
ŋ consonant.
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{014B}': `ŋ
ŋ consonant, rare and used word-initially.
ŋana
ŋʷ before ɛgd,17.
ŋɛɲɛ
`, '\u{0186}': `
Ɔ
ɔ vowel.
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{0190}': `Ɛ
ɛ vowel.
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{019D}': `Ɲ
ɲ consonant.
See lowercase for details.
`, '\u{01CD}': `Ǎ
Rare.
a˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01CE}': `
ǎ
Rare.
a˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01CF}': `
Ǐ
Rare.
i˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01D0}': `
ǐ
Rare.
i˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01D1}': `
Ǒ
Rare.
o˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01D2}': `
ǒ
Rare.
o˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01D3}': `
Ǔ
Rare.
u˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{01D4}': `
ǔ
Rare.
u˨˦ vowel with descending tone.
`, '\u{0254}': `
ɔ
ɔ vowel.
gɔngɔrɔ
Combinations
ɔ́
ɔ˦ is ɔ́ (rare)
ɔ̀
ɔ˨ is ɔ̀ (rare)
ɔː is ɔɔ.
dɔɔnin
ɔ̃ is ɔn.
kɔrɔn
`, '\u{025B}': `ɛ
ɛ eg. adɛrɛsi
Combinations
ɛː is ɛɛ [U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E] eg. bɛɛ
ɛ̃ is ɛ̃ [U+025B LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN E + U+0303 COMBINING TILDE] eg. cɛncɛn
`, '\u{025B}': `ɛ
ɛ vowel.
adɛrɛsi
Combinations
ɛ́
ɛ˦ is ɛ́ (rare)
ɛ̀
ɛ˨ is ɛ̀ (rare)
ɛː is ɛɛ.
bɛɛ
ɛ̃ is ɛn.
cɛncɛn
`, '\u{0272}': `ɲ
ɲ consonant.
ɲaamɛ
biɲɛ
`, '\u{02BC}': `
ʼ
Apostrophe.
Bamanan words often elide vowels in a similar way to the English word "don't". For this, they use an apostrophe. A good character to use for this would be this character, but most of the time authors use the ASCII 0027, eg. compare:
A ye à fɔ.
A y’à fɔ.
`, '\u{0300}': `̀
Infrequent.
– low tone mark.
Combinations
ɛ̀
ɛ˨ is ɛ̀ (rare)
ɔ̀
ɔ˨ is ɔ̀ (rare)
`, '\u{0301}': `
́
Infrequent.
– high tone mark.
Combinations
ɛ́
ɛ˦ is ɛ́ (rare)
ɔ́
ɔ˦ is ɔ́ (rare)
`, '\u{0302}': `
̂
Rare.
– tone mark.
`, '\u{030C}': `
̌
Rare.
– tone mark.
`, '\u{2018}': `
‘
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{2019}': `’
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201C}': `“
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{201D}': `”
Quotation mark.
`, '\u{2026}': `…
Ellipsis.
`, '\u{202F}': `
Narrow no-break space.
As for French, it is common for a space to appear before the semicolon, colon and question mark punctuation. In French this is usually slightly smaller than a normal space, and lines should not be broken on either side of that space. This character is ideal for that purpose.
Ɲin ye den kelen tilannen don fan fila ye : fan min bɛ kɛnɛma ; ɔ ye ɲin ye.
`, }