/* */ var charDetails = { '\u{1A20}': `

ᨠ

k -k high class.r

ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ

ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ

Combinations

ᨠᩕ [U+1A20 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KA + U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA] creates the sound x.

ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ

`, '\u{1A21}': `

ᨡ

x -k high class.

ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶ᨡᩬᨦ

`, '\u{1A22}': `

ᨢ

x high class.

ᨢ᩠ᩅᨯ

In principle, this non-Pali letter should have no subjoined form.

`, '\u{1A23}': `

ᨣ

k -k low class.r

ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ

Combinations

ᨣᩕ [U+1A23 TAI THAM LETTER LOW KA + U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA] creates the sound x.

ᨣᩕᩲ᩵

`, '\u{1A24}': `

ᨤ

x -k low class.

ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ

Subjoined form of this character is a recent innovation.

`, '\u{1A25}': `

ᨥ

x low class.

ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ

Although this is nominally the low class equivalent to HIGH KHA, it is only used for words thought to be Pali/Sanskrit loans, and in the vernacular the actual equivalent is now rather ᨤ [U+1A24 TAI THAM LETTER LOW KXA].r

`, '\u{1A26}': `

ᨦ

ŋ -ŋ low class.

ᨦᩬ᩵ᩁ

ᨴᩢ᩠ᨦ

`, '\u{1A27}': `

ᨧ

t͡ɕ -t high class.

ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩶ᨧᩢ

ᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢ

`, '\u{1A28}': `

ᨨ

s high class.

This letter is missing from a lot of native Northern Thai abecedaries, and there is a strong tendency for speakers to merge with ᩈ [U+1A48 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA] in writing as well as in speech (especially in Northern Thai Pali).r

`, '\u{1A29}': `

ᨩ

t͡ɕ -t low class.

ᨩᩬᨦ

`, '\u{1A2A}': `

ᨪ

s low class.

ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ

This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148

`, '\u{1A2B}': `

ᨫ

s low class.

Everson says that, in Northern Thai, this letter may be written using ᨩ᩠ᨿ [U+1A29 TAI THAM LETTER LOW CA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

But Wordingham argues that that shape is a font variant of the same character.r

`, '\u{1A2C}': `

ᨬ

ɲ -j low class.

ᨬᩥ᩠ᨦ

High class correspondent

Wordingham argues that, in so far as this letter has a high tone equivalent, it is ᩉ᩠ᨿ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA], rather than ᩉ᩠ᨬ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A2C TAI THAM LETTER NYA]. While the latter may once have existed, it does not occur nowadays, at least, not in Northern Thai.r

Some claim that the subscript form of ᨿ [U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA] ( ᩠ᨿ) is an alternative subscript form of this letter.r

Shaping

When 2 of these letters appear together, they form a special ligated shape.

ᨬ᩠ᨬ

`, '\u{1A2D}': `

ᨭ

t -t high class.

ᩁᨭᩛᨷᩣ᩠ᩃ

`, '\u{1A2E}': `

ᨮ

t high class.

This form is rare, see instead ᩛ [U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA].

`, '\u{1A2F}': `

ᨯ

t -d

ᨯᩱ᩶ ᨠᩣ᩠ᨯ

`, '\u{1A30}': `

ᨰ

tʰ -t low class.

ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺

`, '\u{1A31}': `

ᨱ

n -n low class.

ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ

`, '\u{1A32}': `

ᨲ

t -t

ᨲᩣ᩠᩵ᨦ

Combinations

ᨲᩕ [U+1A32 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH TA + U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA] creates the sound tʰ.

`, '\u{1A33}': `

ᨳ

tʰ -t high class.

ᨳᩣ᩶

`, '\u{1A34}': `

ᨴ

t -t low class.

ᨴᩢ᩠ᨦ

Combinations

ᨴᩕ [U+1A34 TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA + U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA] creates the sound tʰ.

`, '\u{1A35}': `

ᨵ

tʰ -t low class.

ᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺

`, '\u{1A36}': `

ᨶ

n -n low class.

ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ

ᨾᩢ᩠ᨶ

ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩶ᨧᩢ

Shaping

The combination of ᨶ + ᩣ [U+1A36 TAI THAM LETTER NA + U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA] forms a ligature, ᨶᩣ

`, '\u{1A37}': `

ᨷ

b -p mid class.

ᨷᩴ᩵

ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ

ᩝ [U+1A5D TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA] is an optional alternative to the normal subjoined form of this letter.@Wiktionary,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A8%B7#Translingual

Combinations

ᨷᩕ [U+1A37 TAI THAM LETTER BA + U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA] creates the sound pʰ.

ᨷᩕᩤᩈᩣ᩠ᨴ

`, '\u{1A38}': `

ᨸ

p -p high class.

ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ

In principle, this non-Pali letter should have no subjoined form@Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tham_script#Consonant_chart, however these do appear sometimes.

ᨷᩤ᩠ᨸ

`, '\u{1A39}': `

ᨹ

pʰ -p high class.

ᨹᩫ᩠ᨾ

`, '\u{1A3A}': `

ᨺ

f high class.

ᨺᩢ᩠ᨶ

This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148

`, '\u{1A3B}': `

ᨻ

p -p low class.r

ᨻᩱ

ᩛ [U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA] is commonly used rather than the subjoined form of this letter, eg.@Wiktionary,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A8%BB#Translingual

ᩈᨻᩛ

`, '\u{1A3C}': `

ᨼ

f low class.

ᨼᩢ᩠ᨶ

This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148

`, '\u{1A3D}': `

ᨽ

pʰ -p low class.

ᨽᩣᩈᩣ

`, '\u{1A3E}': `

ᨾ

m -m low class.

ᨾᩯ᩵

ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ

ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ

`, '\u{1A3F}': `

ᨿ

This letter represents both a consonant (with 2 different pronunciations) and a vowel (or composite vowel component).

Consonant

ɲ -j low class.

ᨿᩩᨦ

ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ

ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ

There are no high or low equivalents in traditional Northern Thai, as the candidates represent different initial consonant sounds (HIGH YA is j).r

Vowel (diphthong)

ᨴ᩠ᨿᩅ

ᩅ᩠ᨿᨦ

Composite vowels

This letter participates in the following composite vowels.

ia ᩠ᨿᩮ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA + U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E]

-iaʔ ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA + U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

ᨿ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ

aj ᩢ᩠ᨿ [U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

-uaj ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

ᩈ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ

aj ᩱ᩠ᨿ [U+1A71 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

ᨴᩱ᩠ᨿ

aj ᩣ᩠ᨿ [U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ

`, '\u{1A40}': `

ᩀ

l -n mid class.

ᩀᩣ᩠ᨠ

This letter is actually mid-class, rather than high, in Northern Thai (although high in eastern Tai Lü).r

There are no high or low equivalents in traditional Northern Thai, as the candidates represent a different initial consonant sounds (LOW YA is ɲ).r

`, '\u{1A41}': `

ᩁ

h -n low class.

ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ

l sometimes.

ᩁ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨲᩕᩦ

h vs. l is mostly etymological: h for inherited words and l for loanwords. But Northern Thai has borrowed some cognate words from Siamese, so there can be h/l doubles spelled identically.r

`, '\u{1A42}': `

ᩂ

Pronounced with l rather than the now foreign sound r.r

`, '\u{1A43}': `

ᩃ

l -n low class.

ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ

See also the medial form ᩖ [U+1A56 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA]. The interplay between subjoined and medial forms is not clear. In Northern Thai, big can be written in either of the following ways on the same pager: ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅᨦ hl̆˖w̱ŋ̱ ᩉᩖᩅ᩠ᨦ hl̆w̱˖ŋ̱ ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅᨦ h˖ḻ˖w̱ŋ̱

`, '\u{1A44}': `

ᩄ

`, '\u{1A45}': `

ᩅ

This character is used in 2 other contexts in addition to the simple w sound.

w low class.

ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺

ᨯᩣ᩠ᩅ

Medial w

A medial -w occurs in Northern Thai, but there is no dedicated character for it. Instead it is produced using an ordinary WA which is subjoined using the sakot, ie. ᩠ᩅ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA]. Such clusters are generally limited to kw and xw, although several other combinations are occasionally found, though they appear to be tending to obsoletion.wnl,#Consonants

ᨣ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ

Vowel

When no other vowel signs follow (ie. when the inherent vowel is involved), it may represent the diphthong ua rather than -wa.

ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ

`, '\u{1A46}': `

ᩆ

s -t high class.r

ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ

Unlike Khün, this can be used as an onset in Northern Thai.r

Not used for writing Pali.o,148

`, '\u{1A47}': `

ᩇ

s -t high class.r

ᨽᩣᩇᩣ

Unlike Khün, this can be used as an onset in Northern Thai. It seems that it isn't used to start any words.r

Not used for writing Pali.o,148

`, '\u{1A48}': `

ᩈ

s -t high class.r

ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ

`, '\u{1A49}': `

ᩉ

h high class.

ᩋᩣᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ

Combinations

‘Leading ha’ is also used to change the class (to high) of the nine (as opposed to 8 for Khün) low class consonant graphemes that do not have corresponding high class graphemes, ie. the nasals and resonants ᩉ᩠ᨦ ᩉ᩠ᨬ ᩉ᩠ᨶ ᩉ᩠ᨾ ᩉ᩠ᨿ ᩉᩕ ᩉᩖ ᩉ᩠ᩅ ᩉ᩠ᩃo,151. Note that two of the preceding clusters use medials, rather than subjoined forms.

`, '\u{1A4A}': `

ᩊ

l -n low class.

`, '\u{1A4B}': `

ᩋ

Represents the independent vowel ʔa in Pali, but acts as a consonant in Northern Thai.

ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ

ᩋᩪ᩶

ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ

Standalone vowels

Used as a vowel carrier for semi-standalone vowel sounds. Examples of usage:

ʔaː ᩋᩣ

ʔɯː ᩋᩨ

ʔɯ ᩋᩧ

ʔɤː ᩋᩮᩨ

ʔɔː ᩋᩬ

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Also used in the following vowel sign sequences:

-ɯaː ᩮᩨᩬᩋ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]

or ᩮᩥᩬᩋ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]

-ɯa ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

or ᩮᩥᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A4C}': `

ᩌ

h high class.

ᩌᩣᩴ

Subjoined form of this character is a recent innovation.

`, '\u{1A4D}': `

ᩍ

i independent vowel.

Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. These sounds can also be written using a combination of ᩋ [U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A] plus a dependent vowel sign.

`, '\u{1A4E}': `

ᩎ

iː independent vowel.

`, '\u{1A4F}': `

ᩏ

u independent vowel.

`, '\u{1A50}': `

ᩐ

uː independent vowel.

`, '\u{1A51}': `

ᩑ

eː independent vowel.

ᩑᨠ

`, '\u{1A52}': `

ᩒ

`, '\u{1A53}': `

ᩓ

lɛː

ᩈᩮᩓ᩠ᩅ᩶

Used in around 40 Northern Thai words.r

(The Lanna Alif font produces this shape for the sequence ᩃᩯ [U+1A43 TAI THAM LETTER LA + U+1A6F TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE] but Wordingham argues that this is not a ligature of those letters, but of l and an unencoded Lao superscript.)r

`, '\u{1A54}': `

ᩔ

ss Represents geminated ᩈ [U+1A48 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA].

`, '\u{1A55}': `

ᩕ

When not silent, this has an aspirating/fricativising effect and/or produces the sound /l/, the latter preceded by an anaptyctic vowel.r

ʰ when following an unaspirated consonant. It may also convert the sound of the combination to x.

ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ

ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ

`, '\u{1A56}': `

ᩖ

This sign is commonly not pronouncedr, however it is also found in the combination ᩉᩖ [U+1A49 TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA + U+1A56 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA] which creates a high class letter with the sound l.

ᨠᩖᩣ᩶

ᩉᩖᩢᨠ

There are two examples in the NTDPLM of it serving as the coda consonant, when it has the pronunciation n.r

`, '\u{1A57}': `

ᩗ

`, '\u{1A58}': `

ᩘ

Wordingham reports that this has a strong tendency to replace anusvara or niggahita before s, h and l.r

He also reports that this "may act as a final consonant in some fonts, but in others it acts like Burmese kinzi. It was a bit fiddly to get it working under OpenType, as the USE puts in the preceding syllable rather than the following syllable", and that there are a few words in which it acts on its own as a vowel with the sound ɔː.r

(See also ᩙ [U+1A59 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA].)

`, '\u{1A59}': `

ᩙ

(See also ᩘ [U+1A58 TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI].)

`, '\u{1A5A}': `

ᩚ

`, '\u{1A5B}': `

ᩛ

Has two readings.

Subjoined PA.

Typically used for the subjoined form of ᨻ [U+1A3B TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA].

ᩋᨾᩛ ᩈᨻᩛ

Compare with the somewhat rare subjoined forme, eg. ᨷᩢᨱ᩠ᨻᨷᩩᩁᩩᩇ

High rata.

It represents ᨮ [U+1A2E TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA] in ᩈᨱᩛᩣ᩠ᨶ ᩁᨭᩛᨷᩣ᩠ᩃ

Compare that with the rare normal subjoined forme, eg. ᩈᨳᨷᩢ᩠ᨶ‍ᩁᩣᨩᨽᩢ᩠ᨮ‍ᨩ᩠ᩀᨦ‍ᩉ᩠ᨾᩱ᩵

`, '\u{1A5C}': `

ᩜ

`, '\u{1A5D}': `

ᩝ

The shape produced by this, ᨠᩝ kb̽

is different from that produced by a subjoined BA (shown here with KA) ᨠ᩠ᨷ k˖b̯

It's possible that this represents a syllable onset with the sound b, while ᩠ᨷ ˖b̯ as an onset consonant has the sound p.r

`, '\u{1A5E}': `

ᩞ

Use of ᨠᩞ ks̽ (shown here with KA) rather than ᨠ᩠ᩈ k˖s seems to be a matter of taste.r

`, '\u{1A60}': `

᩠

Used to cause stacking of consonants. Note that, unlike most other Brahmi scripts, this doesn't necessarily kill the vowel between the consonants. Also unusually, it can also be used after vowel signs, and digits.

ᨡᩬᩴᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ

᪓᩠ᨴ

ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ

It is always invisible in normal text.

`, '\u{1A61}': `

ᩡ

Used to signal the short vowel, rather than the long, in open syllables, eg. ᨿᩡ

Short, open vowels always end with a glottal stop. Although this vowel is not formally equated with a glottal stop, there is always an unwritten glottal stop where it appears.

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-eʔ ᩮᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɜʔ ᩮᩥᩬᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-oʔ ᩰᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɛʔ ᩰᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɔʔ ᩰᩬᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-uaʔ ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɯa ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-iaʔ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA + U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A62}': `

ᩢ

-a- when used alone, a vowel in closed syllables, eg. ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ

Also used to represent a syllable-final -k sound. The following words are examples.r

ᩁᩢ

ᨾᩢᩣ

ᨯᩢᩬᩡ

ᨻ᩠ᩅᩢ

ᩃᩢᩪ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences, where it often indicates a short vowel.

-e- ᩮᩢ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

-ɛ- ᩯᩢ◌ [U+1A6F TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

-ɜ- ᩮᩥᩢ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

-ɔ- ᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

ᨯᩢᩬ

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences, where it often indicates a short vowel.

-aw ᩮᩢᩣ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA]

ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶

-ia- ᩢ᩠ᨿ◌ [U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA]

-ia- ᩮᩥᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ia- ᩮᩨᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ua- ᩠ᩅᩢ◌ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

ᨻ᩠ᩅᩢ

`, '\u{1A63}': `

ᩣ

aː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables. Note how the vowel sign carries the tone mark and the syllable-final consonant.

ᨡᩣ᩶ ᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨠ ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ

Shaping

This character and ᩤ [U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA] are both used to represent the same phoneme. The choice of which is used is a matter of spelling. The taller version is typically used after the following consonants: ᨷ ᩅ ᨴ ᨵ ᨣ

This avoids confusion with otherwise similar shapes, eg. ᩅᩣ looks like ᨲ. Some textbooks also recommende its use after: ᨧ ᨻ ᩁ ᨽ

The combination of ᨶ + ᩣ [U+1A36 TAI THAM LETTER NA + U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA] forms a ligature, eg. ᨶᩣᩴ

Composite vowel (diphthong)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.

-aw ᩮᩢᩣ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA]

ᩃᩮᩢᩣ

`, '\u{1A64}': `

ᩤ

aː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables.

Shaping

This character and ᩣ [U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA] are both used to represent the same phoneme. The choice of which is used is a matter of spelling. The taller version is typically (Owen says only, for Khüno,152) used after ᨷ ᩅ ᨴ ᨵ ᨣ

This avoids confusion with otherwise similar shapes, eg. ᩅᩣ looks like ᨲ. Some textbooks also recommende it's use after ᨧ ᨻ ᩁ ᨽ

Combinations

Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.

-aw ᩮᩢᩤ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA]

ᨣᩮᩢᩤ

`, '\u{1A65}': `

ᩥ

i when used alone, a short vowel, in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨤᩥ᩠ᨦ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ɜː- ᩮᩥ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I]

-ɜ- ᩮᩥᩢ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT] ᩃᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨠ

-ɜː or -ɯa ᩮᩥᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ

-ɜʔ ᩮᩥᩬᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

Composite vowels (diphthong)

-ia- ᩮᩥᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

`, '\u{1A66}': `

ᩦ

iː long vowel, used in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨾᩦ᩠ᨯ

`, '\u{1A67}': `

ᩧ

ɯ short vowel, used in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨾᩧ᩠ᨦ

`, '\u{1A68}': `

ᩨ

ɯː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables, eg. ᩉᩨ᩶

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ia- ᩮᩨᩢᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ɯa- ᩮᩨᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ

-ɯaː ᩮᩨᩬᩋ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]

-ɯa ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A69}': `

ᩩ

u short vowel, used in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨿᩩᨦ

`, '\u{1A6A}': `

ᩪ

uː long vowel, used in open or closed syllables, eg. ᩁᩪ᩶

`, '\u{1A6B}': `

ᩫ

o when used alone, a short vowel, in closed syllables, eg. ᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.

-oː- ᩰᩫ◌ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O]

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.

-uaː ᩠ᩅᩫ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O]

ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ

-ua ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A45 TAI THAM LETTER WA + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A6C}': `

ᩬ

ɔː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables, eg. ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ɔ- ᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

ᨠᩢᩬᩃᨼ᩺

-ɔː ᩬᩴ [U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A74 TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG]

ᨻᩬᩴ᩵

-ɜː or -ɯa ᩮᩥᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ

-ɜʔ ᩮᩥᩬᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɔʔ ᩰᩬᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ia- ᩮᩥᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ia- ᩮᩨᩢᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ɯa- ᩮᩨᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ

-ɯaː ᩮᩨᩬᩋ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]

-ɯa ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A6D}': `

ᩭ

`, '\u{1A6E}': `

ᩮ

eː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-e- ᩮᩢ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

-eʔ ᩮᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɜː- ᩮᩥ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I]

-ɜ- ᩮᩥᩢ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT] ᩃᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨠ

-ɜː or -ɯa ᩮᩥᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ

-ɜʔ ᩮᩥᩬᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

Composite vowels (diphthongs)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ia- ᩮᩥᩢᩬ◌ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A65 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ia- ᩮᩨᩢᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW]

-ɯa- ᩮᩨᩬ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW] ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ

-ɯaː ᩮᩨᩬᩋ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A]

-ɯa ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A68 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-aw ᩮᩢᩣ [U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT + U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA]

ᩃᩮᩢᩣ

-ia ᩠ᨿᩮ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA + U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E]

-iaʔ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ [U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT + U+1A3F TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA + U+1A6E TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A6F}': `

ᩯ

ɛː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables, eg. ᨾᩯ᩵ ᩋᩯ᩠᩵ᩅ

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-ɛʔ ᩯᩡ [U+1A6F TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɛ- ᩯᩢ◌ [U+1A6F TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE + U+1A62 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT]

`, '\u{1A70}': `

ᩰ

oː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables.

Composite vowels (plain)

Participates in the following vowel sign sequences.

-oː- ᩰᩫ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A6B TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O]

-oʔ ᩰᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

-ɔʔ ᩰᩬᩡ [U+1A70 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO + U+1A6C TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW + U+1A61 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A]

`, '\u{1A71}': `

ᩱ

aj diphthong. ᩉᩱ᩵

Can also be written with a following YA, to give the same sound, eg. ᨴᩱ᩠ᨿ

`, '\u{1A72}': `

ᩲ

aj diphthong. ᨩᩲ᩶

The original pronunciation for this letter was aɯ, after which it shifted to aj, which made it largely redundant because ᩱ [U+1A71 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI] already represents that sound.r

`, '\u{1A73}': `

ᩳ

ɔː ᨾᩳ

Little used.r

`, '\u{1A74}': `

ᩴ

Serves as both a final consonant sound and as a vowel (or vowel component).

Final consonant

-ŋ or -m

Used to mark final nasals with the short vowels a, i, u in Pali words.e,153

When used with ᩣ [U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA] or ᩤ [U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA], Northern Thai often follows the Thai model, which places the MAI KANG to the left of the vowel (overlapping the preceding consonant) It may however also appear over the vowel, and can appear over the gap between preceding consonant and vowel. When it appears over just the vowel, it doesn't attract the tone mark, but in other positions it does.r Regardless of visual placement, this character should be typed and stored after the vowel sign (in the same way as it does in Khmer, eg. កាំ).e,153

ᩌᩣᩴ ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ

Note also that the vowel is shortened to -am in many native wordse,153 in the patterns ᩅᩣᩴ and ᨣᩤᩴ. (See the previous examples.)

Vowel

-ɔː, eg. ᨷᩴ᩵ ᨣᩴ

Composite vowel

Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.

-ɔː ᨠᩬᩴ kɔ̄ŋ̊

ᨻᩬᩴ᩵

`, '\u{1A75}': `

᩵

Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).

In the 6 tone system, sets tone 3 for high and mid onsets, eg. ᨠᩱ᩵, and tone 4 for low, eg. ᨩᩭ᩵

In the 5 tone system, always sets tone 4, eg. ᨠᩱ᩵.

`, '\u{1A76}': `

᩶

Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).

Sets tone 5 for high and mid onsets, eg. ᨳ᩶ᩣ, and tone 6 for low, eg. ᨶᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ

`, '\u{1A77}': `

᩷

`, '\u{1A78}': `

᩸

`, '\u{1A79}': `

᩹

`, '\u{1A7A}': `

᩺

Used in Northern Thai to elide the sound(s) it follows. The precise range of characters not to be sounded is not defined (that is, it’s a reading rule), although it does not extend beyond one cluster.e

It can be used:

to indicate a final consonant by removing the inherent vowel sign, such as ᩃ᩺ ḻ˟
in the commonest use, over a stack of two consonants, to remove the implicit vowel. As Tai syllables can only have one final consonant, the second (and graphically lower) consonant is then automatically dropped.r
to indicate an elided consonant soundc, eg. the l in ᨼᩥᩃ᩠ᨾ᩺

(Note that the Unicode description suggests that following characters are silenced, rather than preceding sounds.)

`, '\u{1A7B}': `

᩻

This symbol has 3 different uses.

Repetition

Used at the end of a word to indicate that it should be repeatede. For example, compare the following:

ᨲᩣ᩠᩵ᨦ

ᨲᩣ᩠᩵᩻ᨦ

Double-acting consonants

Also used to indicate 'double-acting' consonants, stored where the consonant would be stored if there were a separate consonant usede, eg. compare these alternative spellings:

ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶ᨡᩬᨦ

ᨡᩮᩢᩬᩣ᩠᩶᩻ᨦ

Syllable boundary indicator

A third use is somewhat different. A subjoined letter may be medial, final, or the start of a new syllable. Mai sam can be used to indicate that a consonant begins a new syllable, in which case it is stored following the subjoined form and indicates that it is the consonant that starts the new syllable, eg. compare the following (final r is pronounced as n):

ᨳᩫ᩠ᨶᩁ tʰo˖ṉṟ tʰonra

ᨳ᩠ᨶᩫ᩻ᩁ tʰo˖ṉʻṟ tʰanon

`, '\u{1A7C}': `

᩼

Northern Thai would use ᩺ [U+1A7A TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM]

`, '\u{1A7F}': `

᩿

Used singly or multiply beneath letters to give each letter a different value according to some hidden agreement between reader and writer. For an example, see figure 6 at e.

`, '\u{1A80}': `

᪀

`, '\u{1A81}': `

᪁

`, '\u{1A82}': `

᪂

`, '\u{1A83}': `

᪃

`, '\u{1A84}': `

᪄

`, '\u{1A85}': `

᪅

`, '\u{1A86}': `

᪆

`, '\u{1A87}': `

᪇

`, '\u{1A88}': `

᪈

`, '\u{1A89}': `

᪉

`, '\u{1A90}': `

᪐

`, '\u{1A91}': `

᪑

`, '\u{1A92}': `

᪒

`, '\u{1A93}': `

᪓

`, '\u{1A94}': `

᪔

`, '\u{1A95}': `

᪕

`, '\u{1A96}': `

᪖

`, '\u{1A97}': `

᪗

`, '\u{1A98}': `

᪘

`, '\u{1A99}': `

᪙

`, '\u{1AA0}': `

᪠

Logograph for 'city'.

`, '\u{1AA1}': `

᪡

Logograph for 'village'.

`, '\u{1AA2}': `

᪢

Logograph for 'heaven'.

`, '\u{1AA3}': `

᪣

Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents a courtyard. The following combination has been observede: ᪣᪩

`, '\u{1AA4}': `

᪤

Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents an oyster.e

`, '\u{1AA5}': `

᪥

Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents a flower. The following combination has been observede: ᪩᪥᪩

`, '\u{1AA6}': `

᪦

At the end of a section, this character, ᪬ [U+1AAC TAI THAM SIGN HANG], and ᪩ [U+1AA9 TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU] may be combined in a number of ways. The following may all occure:

᪦᪦᪩

᪩᪦᪩

᪩᪦᪩᪬

᪦᪦᪬

`, '\u{1AA7}': `

ᪧ

Indicates reduplication of the preceding word, eg.

ᨴᩩᨠᪧ

ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁᪧ

Adverbs are often derived by reduplicating an adjective.7₁₄₉

`, '\u{1AA8}': `

᪨

The four signs ᪨ [U+1AA8 TAI THAM SIGN KAAN], ᪩ [U+1AA9 TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU],᪪ [U+1AAA TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN], ᪫ [U+1AAB TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU] are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality.e

`, '\u{1AA9}': `

᪩

At the end of a section, this character and ᪬ [U+1AAC TAI THAM SIGN HANG] may be combined with ᪦ [U+1AA6 TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA] in a number of ways. The following may all occure:

᪦᪦᪩

᪩᪦᪩

᪩᪦᪩᪬

᪦᪦᪬

The following section starters have been observede:

᪣᪩

᪥᪩

`, '\u{1AAA}': `

᪪

`, '\u{1AAB}': `

᪫

`, '\u{1AAC}': `

᪬

Shapes: ᪬ ᪬

At the end of a section, this character, ᪦ [U+1AA6 TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA], and ᪩ [U+1AA9 TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU] may be combined with this symbol in a couple of wayse:

᪩᪦᪩᪬

᪦᪦᪬

`, '\u{1AAD}': `

᪭

Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents an elephant, and is normally accompaniede,7 by the vowel sign for ā.

᪭ᩣ

`, }