ਁ
`, '\u{0A02}': `ਂ
Used to indicate nasalisation, except for vowels a, i, u, and with final ū (for those, see ੰ).
`, '\u{0A03}': `ਃ
-h Used only very occasionally, when it acts like a Sanskrit visarga, producing a voiceless h sound.
In other cases it represents an abbreviation, in the same way the period is used in English.ws
`, '\u{0A05}': `ਅ
ə independent vowel, regarded as a null consonant with an inherent vowel.
ਅਦਿੱਖ
ਓਅੰਕਾਰ
ਵਿਅਸਤ
Vowel carrier
The shape of this letter functions as a vowel-sign carrier for independent vowels (ie. vowels with no preceding consonant), but usage of this code point with other vowel-sign code points is discouraged by the Unicode Standard in favour of the precomposed characters ਆ, ਐ, and ਔ.
`, '\u{0A06}': `ਆ
a independent vowel.
ਆਦਮੀ
ਗਿਆਰਾਂ
ਧੂੰਆਂ
`, '\u{0A07}': `ਇ
ɪ independent vowel.
ਇੱਥੇ
ਜੀ ਆਇਆਂ ਨੂੰ
`, '\u{0A08}': `ਈ
i independent vowel.
ਈਦ
ਰੁਪਈਆ
ਭਾਈ
`, '\u{0A09}': `ਉ
ʊ independent vowel.
ਉਸਤਤ
ਆਉਣਾ
ਘਿਉ
`, '\u{0A0A}': `ਊ
u independent vowel.
ਊਠ
ਸਾਊਥਾਲ
ਬਤਾਊਂ
`, '\u{0A0F}': `ਏ
e independent vowel.
ਏਕਤਾ
ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆ
ਓਏ
`, '\u{0A10}': `ਐ
ɛ independent vowel.
ਐਨਕ
ਵੀਕਐਂਡ
`, '\u{0A13}': `ਓ
o independent vowel.
ਓਦਣ
ਓਹਾਇਓ
`, '\u{0A14}': `ਔ
ɔ independent vowel.
ਔਰਤ
ਔਖਾ
`, '\u{0A15}': `ਕ
k consonant.
ਕਿਸਾਨ
ਰਕਤ
ਉਤਸੁਕ
`, '\u{0A16}': `ਖ
kʰ consonant.
ਖਿਡੌਣਾ
ਤਨਖ਼ਾਹ
ਅੱਖ
Combinations
x is ਖ਼.
ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸਤਾਨ
ਦਰੱਖ਼ਤ
See also ਖ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A17}': `ਗ
g consonant.
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
ਮਹਿੰਗਾ
ਸ੍ਵਰਗ
Combinations
ɣ is ਗ਼.
ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼
ਦਿਮਾਗ਼
See also ਗ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A18}': `ਘ
k- pronounced without aspiration, and without voicing when initial.
ਘੋੜਾ
g elsewhere.
ਪਘਾਰਨਾ
ਬਾਘ
It indicates a low tone when initial, or medially between a short and long vowel. Elsewhere it indicates a high tone.o
`, '\u{0A19}': `ਙ
ŋ Rarely used.
The sound ŋ occurs most often as an allophone of ਨ, before consonant phonemes with the same articulation.ws
It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants.
`, '\u{0A1A}': `ਚ
t͡ʃ consonant.
ਚਪੇੜ
ਖਿੱਚਣਾ
ਫ਼੍ਰੈਂਚ
`, '\u{0A1B}': `ਛ
t͡ʃʰ consonant.
ਛੱਲ
ਅੱਛਾ
ਪੂਛ
`, '\u{0A1C}': `ਜ
d͡ʒ consonant.
ਜਵਾਬ
ਭੱਜਣਾ
ਅੱਜ
Combinations
z is ਜ਼.
ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀ
ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼
See also ਜ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A1D}': `ਝ
t͡ʃ- Pronounced without aspiration, and without voicing when initial.
ਝਲਾਂਗ
d͡ʒ elsewhere.
ਗੁੰਝਲ਼ਦਾਰ
ਮੱਝ
Indicates a low tone at the beginning of a word or syllable, or medially between a short and long vowel, and a high tone elsewhere.o
`, '\u{0A1E}': `ਞ
ɲ Rarely used.
The sound ɲ most often occurs as an allophone of ਨ, before consonant phonemes with the same articulation.ws
It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants.
`, '\u{0A1F}': `ਟ
ʈ consonant.
ਟਰੱਕ
ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ
ਸੀਟ
`, '\u{0A20}': `ਠ
ʈʰ consonant.
ਠਾਕਣਾ
ਬੈਠਣਾ
ਊਠ
`, '\u{0A21}': `ਡ
ɖ consonant.
ਡਰਨਾ
ਖਿਡੌਣਾ
ਭੇਡ
`, '\u{0A22}': `ਢ
ʈ- Pronounced without aspiration, and without voicing when initial.
ਢਿੱਡ
ɖ elsewhere.
ਗੁਆਂਢ
Indicates a low tone at the beginning of a word or syllable, or medially between a short and long vowel, and a high tone elsewhere.o
`, '\u{0A23}': `ਣ
ɳ consonant.
ਪ੍ਰਾਣਵਾਯੂ
ਓਦਣ
`, '\u{0A24}': `ਤ
t Consonant.
ਤੁਰਨਾ
ਕੁੱਤਾ
ਪੰਤ
`, '\u{0A25}': `ਥ
tʰ consonant.
ਥੁੱਕ
ਕਿੱਥੇ
ਹੱਥ
`, '\u{0A26}': `ਦ
d consonant.
ਦਰਵਾਜ਼ਾ
ਆਦਮੀ
ਈਦ
`, '\u{0A27}': `ਧ
t- consonant, pronounced without aspiration, and without voicing when initial.
ਧੂੰਆਂ
d elsewhere.
ਕੰਧ
ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
Indicates a low tone at the beginning of a word or syllable, or medially between a short and long vowel, and a high tone elsewhere.o
`, '\u{0A28}': `ਨ
n consonant.
ਨਵਾਂ
ਜਾਨਵਰ
ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ
`, '\u{0A2A}': `ਪ
p consonant.
ਪਾਣੀ
ਚਪੇੜ
ਸੱਪ
`, '\u{0A2B}': `ਫ
pʰ consonant.
ਫੁੱਲ
ਸਫ਼ੈਦ
ਬਰਫ਼
Combinations
f is ਫ਼.
ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨ
ਸਫ਼ੈਦ
ਬਰਫ਼
See also ਫ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A2C}': `ਬ
b consonant.
ਬਾਰਿਸ਼
ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
ਜਵਾਬ
`, '\u{0A2D}': `ਭ
p- consonant, pronounced without aspiration, and without voicing when initial.
ਭਾਈ
b elsewhere.
ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
ਸਭ
Indicates a low tone at the beginning of a word or syllable, or medially between a short and long vowel, and a high tone elsewhere.o
`, '\u{0A2E}': `ਮ
m consonant.
ਮਹਿੰਗਾ
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
ਗਰਮ
`, '\u{0A2F}': `ਯ
j consonant.
ਯਤੀਮ
ਅੱਭਯਾਗਤ
`, '\u{0A30}': `
ਰ
r consonant.
ਰੱਸੀ
ਤੁਰਨਾ
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ
Also appears in subjoined form as a syllable-medial consonant.
ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ
ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਆ
`, '\u{0A32}': `ਲ
l consonant.
ਲੰਮੀ
ਬੋਲਣਾ
ਦਿਲ
Combinations
ɭ is ਲ਼.
ਰੌਲ਼ਾ
ਗੁੰਝਲ਼ਦਾਰ
ਕੋਲ਼
See also ਲ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
This letter was only recently added to the Gurmukhī alphabet. It was not a part of the traditional orthography, and the phonological difference between 'l' and 'ɭ' is not reflected in the script. Some sources do not consider it a separate letter.ws
`, '\u{0A33}': `ਲ਼
ɭ Extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Was only recently added to the Gurmukhī alphabet. It was not a part of the traditional orthography, and the phonological difference between 'l' and 'ɭ' is not reflected in the script. Some sources do not consider it a separate letter.ws
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਲ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended. `, '\u{0A35}': `ਵ
ʋ consonant.
ਵਾਲ
ਜਵਾਬ
ਸਾਵਾ
The pronunciation varies between ʋ and w depending on the word.ws
ਤਵੀ
Can also appear in subjoined form as a syllable medial consonant in words derived from Sanskrit.
ਸ੍ਵਰਗ
However, this is much less common than the subjoined form of ਰ
`, '\u{0A36}': `ਸ਼
ʃ Extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਸ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended. `, '\u{0A38}': `ਸ
s consonant.
ਸਾਵਾ
ਕਿਸਾਨ
ਰੂਸ
Combinations
ʃ is ਸ਼.
ਸ਼ਹਿਰ
ਬਾਰਿਸ਼
See also ਸ਼ but note that that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A39}': `ਹ
ɦ consonant, only when it occurs word initially.
ਹਰੀ
∅ in other locations, where it indicates that the preceding vowel has a high tone.
ਮੀਹ
When used after a consonant, it appears subjoined below that consonantd.
ਚੜ੍ਹ
When it follows a short i or u, it changes the vowel's phonetic value from [ɪ] and [ʊ] to [é] and [ó], respectively, and indicates a high tone.
According to Omniglot, the conjuncts ਗ੍ਹ gʰa, ਜ੍ਹ jʰa, ਢ੍ਹ ḍʰa, ਦ੍ਹ dʰa, and ਬ੍ਹ bʰa indicate a level tone when at the beginning of a word or syllable, and a low rising tone when elsewhere.o
`, '\u{0A3C}': `਼
Used with an existing consonant to represent an extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Precomposed letters are available in the Unicode repertoire, but the standard recommends that they not be used. They normalise as a decomposed sequence in both NFC and NFD.
For more, see:
ਾ
aː dependent vowel.
ਕਾਹਲਾ
ਓਅੰਕਾਰ
äː sometimes.
ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼
ਕਹਾਣੀ
`, '\u{0A3F}': `
ਿ
ɪ dependent vowel.
ਟਿਕਾਣਾ
ਕਿਉਂਕਿ
Combinations
éː with a high tone is produced by 0A3F 0A39d, eg.
ਕਿਹੜਾ
ɛ́ː is produced when an inherent vowel is followed by ਹਿd, eg. ਕਹਿਣਾ
`, '\u{0A40}': `ੀ
iː dependent vowel.
ਵੀਰਾਨ
ਆਦਮੀ
`, '\u{0A41}': `
ੁ
ʊ dependent vowel.
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
ਬਿਸਕੁਟ
Combinations
óː with a high tone is produced by ੁਹd, eg. ਕੁਹੜਾ
ɔ́ː is produced when an inherent vowel is followed by ਹੁd, eg. ਵਹੁਟੀ
`, '\u{0A42}': `ੂ
uː dependent vowel.
ਲੂੰਬੜ
ਵਿਸ਼ਾਣੂ
`, '\u{0A47}': `
ੇ
eː dependent vowel.
ਸਵੇਰੇ
ਚਪੇੜ
`, '\u{0A48}': `ੈ
ɛː dependent vowel.
ਭੈਣ
ਤੈਰਨਾ
`, '\u{0A4B}': `
ੋ
oː dependent vowel.
ਭਰੋਸਾ
ਬੋਲਣਾ
`, '\u{0A4C}': `
ੌ
ɔː dependent vowel.
ਰੌਲ਼ਾ
ਸੌਣਾ
`, '\u{0A4D}': `
੍
Causes a second consonant in a consonant cluster to be subjoined below the first.
Punjabi subjoins r in syllable onsets, and less commonly ʋ.
ਪ੍ਰਭੂ
ਸ੍ਵਰਗ
The only other letter that is regularly subjoined is ਹ when used to indicate tone after a syllable coda.
ਚੜ੍ਹ
Otherwise, unlike other indic scripts, Gurmukhi generally doesn't use the virama to indicate dropped vowel sounds. The reader just needs to know how to pronounce the word.
The virama may also be used occasionally to suppress the vowel in Sanskritised text, or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information.ws
`, '\u{0A51}': `ੑ
Used in older texts to indicate a high tone.
`, '\u{0A59}': `ਖ਼
x Extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਖ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended. `, '\u{0A5A}': `ਗ਼
ɣ Extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਗ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended. `, '\u{0A5B}': `ਜ਼
z Extended sound used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਗ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended. `, '\u{0A5C}': `ੜ
ɽ consonant. Commonly used for foreign loan words, especially Urdu or Persian.
ਘੋੜਾ
ਲੂੰਬੜ
`, '\u{0A5E}': `ਫ਼
f Extended consonant used for foriegn words, particularly Urdu or Persian.
Note that Unicode NFC normalization produces the decomposed sequence ਫ਼, so the decomposed sequence is recommended.
`, '\u{0A66}': `੦
0 digit.
`, '\u{0A67}': `੧
1 digit.
`, '\u{0A68}': `੨
2 digit.
`, '\u{0A69}': `੩
3 digit.
`, '\u{0A6A}': `੪
4 digit.
`, '\u{0A6B}': `੫
5 digit.
`, '\u{0A6C}': `੬
6 digit.
`, '\u{0A6D}': `੭
7 digit.
`, '\u{0A6E}': `੮
8 digit.
`, '\u{0A6F}': `੯
9 digit.
`, '\u{0A70}': `ੰ
Used with vowels a, i, u, and with final ū to indicate nasalisation, eg.
ਮੂੰਡਾ
( ਂ is used for all other vowels.)
Geminated mm and nn may also be written using a nasalisation diacritic associated with the preceding voweld, eg.
ਲੰਮੀ
`, '\u{0A71}': `ੱ
Doubling or reinforcement of a consonant sound is indicated, unusually for an indic script, using this diacritic. It is typed before the consonant (in this way it resembles the small tsu in Japanese), and is placed to the left of the consonant it affects (not over it), eg. ਪੱਕੀ
The diacritic may appear over the right side of the preceding consonant, but if that consonant has a vowel sign or extension above the horizontal topline, it may be displayed on a short extension of the joining line. See for example ਭੁੱਲ ਭੇੱਲ ਉੱਛਲ (effect may vary by font).
`, '\u{0A72}': `ੲ
Functions as a vowel-sign carrier for independent vowels (ie. vowels with no preceding consonant).
Never used on its own, and the Unicode Standard advises against using it at all, but advises authors to instead use the precomposed characters ਈ, ਇ, and ਏ.
`, '\u{0A73}': `ੳ
Functions as a vowel-sign carrier for independent vowels (ie. vowels with no preceding consonant).
Never used on its own, and the Unicode Standard advises against using it at all, but advises authors to instead use the precomposed characters ਉ, ਊ, and ਓ.
`, '\u{0A74}': `ੴ
Religious symbol that can have various different forms. Unicode classes it as a letter. The shape in the Unicode charts is highly stylised.
`, '\u{0A75}': `ੵ
Occasionally, a cluster ending with y is rendered using this diacritic. It is represented in Unicode as a combining character – no virama is needed.
It is mainly used in archaic spellings in Sikh scriptures@Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi#Subscript_letters.
ਰਖੵਾ
ਸੰਸਾਰਸੵ
`, '\u{0A76}': `੶
`, }