Used to produce correct sequencing of numeric data in Arabic, Syriac, and Thaana. See the Arabic character notes for details.
`, '\u{0621}': `ء
ʔ Consonant. Used for Arabic loan words or Qur'anic names only.
ءَادَمُ
`, '\u{0623}': `أ
Occasionally, loan words or names from the Qur'an will use 0627, 0623, or 0625 as a standalone vowel carrier, rather than 0639 () the normal vowel carrier for standalone vowels). The former are conventional ways of writing the standalone vowels in Arabic. 0621 may also be used.
إِبْرَاهِيمَ
الْمَسِيحُ
ءَادَمُ
`, '\u{0625}': `إ
Occasionally, loan words or names from the Qur'an will use 0627, 0623, or 0625 as a standalone vowel carrier, rather than 0639 () the normal vowel carrier for standalone vowels). The former are conventional ways of writing the standalone vowels in Arabic. 0621 may also be used.
إِبْرَاهِيمَ
الْمَسِيحُ
ءَادَمُ
`, '\u{0627}': `ا
This letter is commonly used in Arabic script orthographies as a vowel carrier for word-initial vowel sounds, but with a few exceptions Fulfulde uses ع instead for that. The exceptions are common borrowed Arabic words.
الْمَسِيحُ
Combinations
aː is َا.
نَانٜ
ندَا
Following ل this forms the usual mandatory ligature.
وَلَا
بِلَا
`, '\u{0628}': `ب
b Consonant.
بَاوْطٜ
دِمْبَاغٛ
نجَابٜ!
`, '\u{062A}': `ت
t Consonant.
تٜدُّنغَلْ
نَسْتُغٛ
غِتٜ
`, '\u{062B}': `ث
s Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords. The Arabic pronunciation of this letter is θ.sc,4
مِثَالُ
This letter is often replaced by س in indigenous Fulfulde literature.sc,4
مِسَالُ
`, '\u{062C}': `ج
d͡ʒ Consonant.
جِݠَّاغٛ
يٜجِّتُغٛ
سٛوبَاجٛ
`, '\u{062D}': `ح
h Consonant. This is the primary letter used for this sound in Fulfulde; the original Arabic sound ħ doesn't exist in Fulfulde.sc,4
حَاجُغٛ
يَحُغٛ
يَحْ!
`, '\u{062E}': `خ
x Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,4
خَبَرُ
`, '\u{062F}': `د
d Consonant.
دُولٜ
سُجِدَنغٛ
`, '\u{0630}': `ذ
d͡ʒ Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,5
ذَمْبَ
کَذَ
`, '\u{0631}': `ر
ɾ Consonant.
رَنٜىٰرٜ
تٛرْندٜ
عَسَرْ
Combinations
r (trilled r) is رّ.
تٛرَّاغٛ
`, '\u{0632}': `ز
d͡ʒ Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,6
زَبُورَ
In indigenous Fulfulde literature, this letter is often replaced by ج.sc,6
جَبُورَ
`, '\u{0633}': `س
s Consonant.
سٜيٛ
کِسْندَمْ
نٛوغَسْ
`, '\u{0634}': `ش
t͡ʃ or ʃ Consonant. It may also be pronounced s.
شٜىٰدٜ
عَشُّغٛ
مِحٛوشِ
`, '\u{0635}': `ص
s Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,6
صَوْتُ
مِصْرَ
`, '\u{0636}': `ض
d Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,6
ضَرُورَ
`, '\u{0637}': `ط
ɗ Consonant.
طُوطُغٛ
مِوٜىٰطِ
`, '\u{0638}': `ظ
d͡ʒ Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,7
ظَاهِرِ
وَعَظُ
`, '\u{0639}': `ع
ʔ Consonant. Unlike many other Arabic-script orthographies, Fulfulde uses this before standalone vowel sounds, both word-initially and word-medially.
عٜغُّغٛ
يِعُغٛ
مٛعّٜرٜ
عٜ
`, '\u{063A}': `غ
ɡ Consonant.
غٛوتٜلْ
عٛسٛغِّ
غٛ
`, '\u{0642}': `ق
χ Consonant, used only in Arabic loanwords and names, and not used in Fulfulde literature.sc,6
قَاڢَرَ
`, '\u{0644}': `ل
l Consonant.
لٜکِّ
غِلْطِ
بَلَّلْ
`, '\u{0645}': `م
m Consonant.
مَايٛ
مٜىٰمُغٛ
مِنُمِ
Combinations
ᵐb is مب.
مبَرُغٛ
ڢٛمبِنَ
`, '\u{0646}': `ن
n Consonant.
نَرَّلْ
حُنَاغٛ
نَنٛ
جَرْنٜ
Combinations
ŋ and ᵑɡ are written نغ. This can be distinguished from nɡ because there is no vowel or sukun attached to the first letter. The 2 alternative sounds can be distinguished because the prenasalised sound only occurs at the beginning of a word, and the nasal only rarely occurs in non-initial position.sc,12
نغَرٛلْ
وَنغِنْغٛ
ࢡِنغغٜلْ
نغَيْنَاکَ
يَيْنَنغٛ
ᶮd͡ʒ is نج.
نجَارٜىٰندِ
مِسَنجَ
ᶮd is ند.
ندِيَمْ
سٜندُغٛ
حٜندُ
`, '\u{0647}': `ه
h Consonant, used only rarely, for important names in the Qur'an. Otherwise, dropped almost completely from everyday Fulfulde ajamiya.sc,10
هَرُونَ
إِبْرَاهِيمَ
اللَّه
`, '\u{0648}': `و
w Consonant.
وٛلْدٜ
جَوْدِ
مِوَاوِ
Combinations as mater lectionis
oː is ٛو.
جٛوندٜ
مِوٛووَ
uː is ُو.
جُوطٜ
مِوُووَ
`, '\u{0649}': `ى
-eː when word-final or for certain verbal constructions.sc,15
بٜى
نغُرْتِنٜى مٛ!
نغَدّٜى ࢡٜ!
Combinations
eː is ٜىٰ when not word-final.
عٜىٰنغتُغٛ
جَوْلٜىٰرُ
`, '\u{064A}': `ي
j Consonant.
يٜتّٛورٜ
حٛيْنُغٛ
نَيِ
Combinations as mater lectionis
iː is ِي.
يِيدٜ
`, '\u{064E}': `َ
a Vowel diacritic.
عَلْکَوَلْ
رٜىٰتَ
Combinations
aː is َا.
نَانٜ
ندَا
`, '\u{064F}': `ُ
u Consonant.
عُرْدِ
وُجَاغٛ
ݠُشُّ
Combinations
uː is ُو.
عُورْغٛ
مِحُووِ
ڢُو
`, '\u{0650}': `ِ
i Vowel.
عِتُّغٛ
کِرْکٜ
لٜکِّ
Combinations
iː is ِي.
عِينَاطٛ
بِرِيجِ
ࢡِي
`, '\u{0651}': `ّ
Gemination marker. Appears over a consonant that is lengthened.
بَلَّلْ
حَکُّندٜ
لٜکِّ
Unlike Arabic, this is always used.
`, '\u{0652}': `ّ
Vowel absence marker. Appears over a consonant that is not followed by a vowel.
حِمْࢨَ
جَوْمِرَاوٛ
دٛکَّلْ
Unlike Arabic, this is always used, except where a vowel is being lengthened, or for a nasal consonant that indicates prenasalisation.
نٛوغَسْ
ندِيَمْ
`, '\u{0654}': `ٔ
The diacritics 0654 and 0655 are only used where إ and أ are decomposed. Since the latter characters are themselves only used for a few borrowed names or words, these diacritics are very rare.
`, '\u{0655}': `ٕ
The diacritics 0654 and 0655 are only used where إ and أ are decomposed. Since the latter characters are themselves only used for a few borrowed names or words, these diacritics are very rare.
`, '\u{065B}': `ٛ
o Vowel.
عٛݠّٜرٜ
دٛکَّلْ
حٛکُّغٛ
Combinations
oː is ٛو.
عٛورُغٛ
کِيتٛووٛ
بٛو
`, '\u{065C}': `ٜ
e Vowel.
عٜنْطَمْ
جٜمَّ
دٜڢْتٜرٜ
Combinations
eː is ٜىٰ when not word-final.
عٜىٰنغتُغٛ
جَوْلٜىٰرُ
The following is the only word that ends with -eː, and it is spelled without the superscript alef. The same pattern is used, however, for certain verbal constructions.sc,15
بٜى
نغُرْتِنٜى مٛ!
نغَدّٜى ࢡٜ!
`, '\u{0660}': `٠
0 Digit.
`, '\u{0661}': `١
1 Digit.
`, '\u{0662}': `٢
2 Digit.
`, '\u{0663}': `٣
3 Digit.
`, '\u{0664}': `٤
4 Digit.
`, '\u{0665}': `٥
5 Digit.
`, '\u{0666}': `٦
6 Digit.
`, '\u{0667}': `٧
7 Digit.
`, '\u{0668}': `٨
8 Digit.
`, '\u{0669}': `٩
9 Digit.
`, '\u{0670}': `ٰ
One of 3 characters used together to write eː when not word-final.
عٜىٰنغتُغٛ
رَنٜىٰرٜ
`, '\u{06A2}': `ڢ
f Consonant.
ڢُلْࢡٜ
تٜڢُغٛ
ڢُوڢُ
`, '\u{06A9}': `ک
k Consonant.
کٜىٰڢٜىٰرٛ
حَکُّندٜ
حَکّٜ
`, '\u{0760}': `ݠ
p Consonant.
ݠُکَرَاجٛ
جِݠَّاغٛ
سَݠّٛ
لٛوݠٜ
`, '\u{0767}': `ݠ
ɲ Consonant.
ࢩَامْدُ
لٜࢩٛلْ
سٛࢩٛ
عٛدَࢩِ
`, '\u{08A1}': `ࢡ
ɓ Consonant.
ࢡَندُ
حَࢡْرٜ
ࢡِࢡّٜ
حُووٛوࢡٜ
`, '\u{08A8}': `ࢨ
ʔʲ Consonant.
ࢨَمٛلْ
ࢨِࢨَمْ
ࢡٛوࢨٜ
حِمْࢨَ
`, '\u{08A9}': `ࢩ
ɲ Consonant.
ࢩَامْدُ
لٜࢩٛلْ
سٛࢩٛ
عٛدَࢩِ
`, '\u{2011}': `‑
`, '\u{2013}': `–
`, '\u{2014}': `—
`, '\u{2018}': `‘
Closing quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{2019}': `’
Opening quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{201C}': `“
Closing quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{201D}': `”
Opening quotation mark. Unlike parentheses, the glyph of this character is not mirrored in right-to-left text.
`, '\u{2026}': `…
`, '\u{2030}': `‰
`, '\u{2039}': `‹
Closing quotation mark.
Because they are mirrored, when using these quotation marks, LEFT should be read as if it said START, and RIGHT as END.
`, '\u{203A}': `›
Opening quotation mark.
Because they are mirrored, when using these quotation marks, LEFT should be read as if it said START, and RIGHT as END.
`, '\u{2E2B}': `⸫
Sentence final marker.
`, '\u{0021}': `!
`, '\u{0025}': `%
`, '\u{0028}': `(
`, '\u{0029}': `)
`, '\u{002D}': `-
`, '\u{002E}': `.
`, '\u{003A}': `:
`, '\u{005B}': `[
`, '\u{005D}': `]
`, '\u{00AB}': `«
Opening quotation mark.
The words 'left' and 'right' in the Unicode names for parentheses, brackets, and other paired characters should be ignored. LEFT should be read as if it said START, and RIGHT as END. The direction in which the glyphs point will be automatically determined according to the base direction of the text.
`, '\u{00BB}': `»
Closing quotation mark.
The words 'left' and 'right' in the Unicode names for parentheses, brackets, and other paired characters should be ignored. LEFT should be read as if it said START, and RIGHT as END. The direction in which the glyphs point will be automatically determined according to the base direction of the text.
`, '\u{060C}': `،
`, '\u{061B}': `؛
`, '\u{061F}': `؟
`, // FORMATTING CHARACTERS // zwsp '\u{200B}': `An invisible character, used to signal line-break and word-break opportunities. It was originally provided for use with writing systems such as Thai, Myanmar, Khmer, Japanese, etc. that don't use spaces between words.
Justification visibly adjusts the space between the characters on either side of the ZWSP as if the ZWSP wasn't there§,827, eg. the two lines below show Thai text containing a ZWSP after the 4th base character. The first is rendered as per normal, the second is as it would appear with justification or letter-spacing. Note how the second line has no extra spacing where the ZWSP occurs. อักษรไทย อั ก ษ ร ไ ท ย
`, // zwnj '\u{200C}': `
Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ).
An invisible character, that prevents two adjacent letters forming a visual connection with each other when rendered. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has real-world applications.
It is used to interrupt the shaping of joining glyphs in cursive scripts, and also used to manage the visual interactions of glyphs in other scripts, eg. to prevent the formation of conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.
More details:
`, // zwj '\u{200D}': `
Zero-width joiner (ZWJ).
An invisible character, that permits a letter to form a cursive connection without a visible neighbour. Especially useful for educational illustrations, but also has some real-world applications.
Also used with complex scripts to manage the visual representation of glyphs that normally interact, eg. to form conjuncts, position diacritics, etc.
More details:
`, // LRM '\u{200E}': `An invisible character with strong LTR directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as LRM.
`, // RLM '\u{200F}': `An invisible character with strong RTL directional properties that can be used to produce the correct ordering of text, especially where there is a risk of spillover effects while the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm is at work.
Generally referred to as RLM.
`, // LRE '\u{202A}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).
Use 2066 (LRI) rather than this character.
`, // RLE '\u{202B}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left. The range is terminated by 202C (PDF).
Use 2067 (RLI) rather than this character.
`, // PDF '\u{202C}': `Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 202A (LRE) or 202B (RLE).
Use 2069 (PDI) and its associated range starters rather than this character.
`, // LRI '\u{2066}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of left-to-right, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
This character should be used rather than 202A (LRE).
`, // RLI '\u{2067}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction of right-to-left, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
This character should be used rather than 202B (RLE).
`, // FSI '\u{2068}': `Sets the start point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction, and isolates the text within that range from text outside it. The base direction set is determined by that of the first strong directional character in the range. The isolation prevents unintended spill-over effects when the text is reordered by the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. The range is terminated by 2069 (PDI).
`, // PDI '\u{2069}': `Sets the end point for a range of inline text when applying a base direction. The range is started with either 2066 (LRI), 2066 (RLI) or 2068 (FSI).
This character should be used rather than 202C (PDF).
`, // CGJ '\u{034F}': `Used in Arabic to produce special ordering of diacritics. The name is a misnomer, as it is generally used to break the normal sequence of diacritics.
More details:
`, } //