ᨠ
k high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ
-k when syllable-final.
ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ
Combinations
ᨠᩕ
x- is ᨠᩕ
ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ
`, '\u{1A21}': `ᨡ
x high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶ᨡᩬᨦ
-k when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A22}': `
ᨢ
x high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨢ᩠ᩅᨯ
In principle, this non-Pali letter should have no subjoined form.
`, '\u{1A23}': `ᨣ
k low class consonant with inherent vowel a.
ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ
-k᷇ when syllable-final.
Combinations
ᨣᩕ
x- is ᨣᩕ
ᨣᩕᩲ᩵
`, '\u{1A24}': `ᨤ
x low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ
Subjoined form of this character is a recent innovation.
`, '\u{1A25}': `ᨥ
x low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ
Although this is nominally the low class equivalent to HIGH KHA, it is only used for words thought to be Pali/Sanskrit loans, and in the vernacular the actual equivalent is now rather ᨤ.r
`, '\u{1A26}': `ᨦ
ŋ low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨦᩬ᩵ᩁ
-ŋ when syllable-final.
ᨴᩢ᩠ᨦ
Combinations
ᩉ᩠ᨦ
ŋ as a high class consonant is ᩉ᩠ᨦ
`, '\u{1A27}': `
ᨧ
ʨ high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩶ᨧᩢ
-t when syllable-final.
ᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢ
`, '\u{1A28}': `
ᨨ
s high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
This letter is missing from a lot of native Northern Thai abecedaries, and there is a strong tendency for speakers to merge with ᩈ in writing as well as in speech (especially in Northern Thai Pali).r
`, '\u{1A29}': `ᨩ
ʨ low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨩᩬᨦ
-t when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A2A}': `
ᨪ
s low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ
This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148
`, '\u{1A2B}': `ᨫ
s low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
Everson says that, in Northern Thai, this letter may be written using ᨩ᩠ᨿ , but Wordingham argues that that shape is a font variant of the same character.r
`, '\u{1A2C}': `ᨬ
ɲ low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨬᩥ᩠ᨦ
-j when syllable-final.
High class correspondent
Wordingham argues that, in so far as this letter has a high tone equivalent, it is ᩉ᩠ᨿ, rather than ᩉ᩠ᨬ. While the latter may once have existed, it does not occur nowadays, at least, not in Northern Thai.r
Some claim that the subscript form of ᨿ ( ᩠ᨿ) is an alternative subscript form of this letter.r
Shaping
When 2 of these letters appear together, they form a special ligated shape.
ᨬ᩠ᨬ
`, '\u{1A2D}': `ᨭ
t high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᩁᨭᩛᨷᩣ᩠ᩃ
-twhen syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A2E}': `
ᨮ
tʰ high class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel á.
This form is rare, see instead 1A5B.
`, '\u{1A2F}': `ᨯ
d mid class consonant with inherent vowel a.
ᨯᩱ᩶
-t when syllable-final.
ᨠᩣ᩠ᨯ
`, '\u{1A30}': `
ᨰ
tʰ low class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺
-t when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A31}': `
ᨱ
n low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ
-n when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A32}': `
ᨲ
t high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨲᩣ᩠᩵ᨦ
-t when syllable-final.
ᨴᩪᨲ
Combinations
ᨲᩕ
tʰ- is ᨲᩕ
ᩁ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨲᩕᩦ
`, '\u{1A33}': `ᨳ
tʰ high class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨳᩣ᩶
-t when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A34}': `
ᨴ
t low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨴᩢ᩠ᨦ
-t when syllable-final.
ᨷᩕᩤᩈᩣ᩠ᨴ
Combinations
ᨴᩕ
tʰ- is ᨴᩕ
`, '\u{1A35}': `
ᨵ
tʰ low class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺
-t when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A36}': `
ᨶ
n low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ
-n when syllable-final.
ᨾᩢ᩠ᨶ
Combinations
ᩉ᩠ᨶ
n- when high class is ᩉ᩠ᨶ
ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩶ᨧᩢ
Shaping
The combination ᨶᩣ forms a ligature ᨶᩣ.
`, '\u{1A37}': `ᨷ
b mid class consonant with inherent vowel a.
ᨷᩴ᩵
-p when syllable-final.
ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ
1A5D is an optional alternative to the normal subjoined form of this letter.@Wiktionary,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A8%B7#Translingual
Combinations
ᨷᩕ
pʰ- is ᨷᩕ
ᨷᩕᩤᩈᩣ᩠ᨴ
`, '\u{1A38}': `ᨸ
p high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ
-p when syllable-final.
In principle, this non-Pali letter should have no subjoined form@Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tham_script#Consonant_chart, however these do appear sometimes.
ᨷᩤ᩠ᨸ
`, '\u{1A39}': `ᨹ
pʰ high class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨹᩫ᩠ᨾ
-p when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A3A}': `
ᨺ
f high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨺᩢ᩠ᨶ
This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148
`, '\u{1A3B}': `ᨻ
p low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨻᩱ
-p when syllable-final.
1A5B is commonly used rather than the subjoined form of this letter, eg.@Wiktionary,https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A8%BB#Translingual
ᩈᨻᩛ
`, '\u{1A3C}': `ᨼ
f low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨼᩢ᩠ᨶ
This letter was created for Tai sounds (rather than Pali) and doesn't usually have a subjoined form (at least, not one that is rendered by all fonts).o,148
`, '\u{1A3D}': `ᨽ
pʰ low class aspirated consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨽᩣᩈᩣ
-p when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A3E}': `
ᨾ
m low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨾᩯ᩵
-m when syllable-final.
ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ
Combinations
ᩉ᩠ᨾ
m-when high class is ᩉ᩠ᨾ
ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ
`, '\u{1A3F}': `ᨿ
This letter represents both a consonant (with 2 different pronunciations) and a vowel (or composite vowel component).
Consonant
ɲ low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᨿᩩᨦ
ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ
-j when syllable-final.
ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ
There are no high or low equivalents in traditional Northern Thai, as the candidates represent different initial consonant sounds (HIGH YA is j).r
Vowel
ia diphthong when subjoined.
ᨴ᩠ᨿᩅ
ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦ
Combinations
ᩉ᩠ᨿ
ɲ is ᩉ᩠ᨿ
ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ
Composite vowels
This letter participates in the following composite vowels.
᩠ᨿ
᩠ᨿᩮ
-ia is ᩠ᨿᩮ
᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
-iaʔ is ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
ᨿ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
ᩢ᩠ᨿ
-ia- is ᩢ᩠ᨿ
᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
-uaj is ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
ᩈ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
ᩱ᩠ᨿ
-aj is ᩱ᩠ᨿ
ᨴᩱ᩠ᨿ
ᩣ᩠ᨿ
-aj is ᩣ᩠ᨿ
ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ
`, '\u{1A40}': `ᩀ
l mid class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᩀᩣ᩠ᨠ
This letter is actually mid-class, rather than high, in Northern Thai (although high in eastern Tai Lü).r
There are no high or low equivalents in traditional Northern Thai, as the candidates represent a different initial consonant sounds (LOW YA is ɲ).r
-n when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A41}': `
ᩁ
h low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ
l sometimes.
ᩁ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨲᩕᩦ
h vs. l is mostly etymological: h for inherited words and l for loanwords. But Northern Thai has borrowed some cognate words from Siamese, so there can be h/l doubles spelled identically.r
-n when syllable-final.
ᨩᩬ᩶ᩁ
`, '\u{1A42}': `
ᩂ
Pronounced with l rather than the now foreign sound r.r
`, '\u{1A43}': `ᩃ
l low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ
-n when syllable-final.
Combinations
ᩉ᩠ᩃ
l- when high class is ᩉ᩠ᩃ
But see also the medial form 1A56. The interplay between subjoined and medial forms is not clear. In Northern Thai, big can be written in either of the following ways on the same pager:
ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅᨦ hl̆˖w̱ŋ̱
ᩉᩖᩅ᩠ᨦ hl̆w̱˖ŋ̱
ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅᨦ h˖ḻ˖w̱ŋ̱
`, '\u{1A44}': `ᩄ
`, '\u{1A45}': `ᩅ
This character is used in 2 other contexts in addition to the simple w sound.
w low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺
ᨯᩣ᩠ᩅ
Medial w
A medial -w occurs in Northern Thai, but there is no dedicated character for it. Instead it is produced using an ordinary WA which is subjoined using the sakot, ie. 1A60 1A45. Such clusters are generally limited to kw and xw, although several other combinations are occasionally found, though they appear to be tending to obsoletion.wnl,#Consonants
ᨣ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ
Vowel
When no other vowel signs follow (ie. when the inherent vowel is involved), it may represent the diphthong ua rather than -wa.
ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ
Combinations (high class)
ᩉ᩠ᩅ
w- when high class is ᩉ᩠ᩅ
ᨣᩕᩲ᩵ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ
Combinations (diphthongs)
᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
-uaʔ is ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
᩠ᩅᩫ
-uaː is ᩠ᩅᩫ
ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ
᩠ᩅᩢ
-ua- is ᩠ᩅᩢ
ᨻ᩠ᩅᩢ
᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
-uaj is ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
ᩈ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ
`, '\u{1A46}': `ᩆ
Unlike Khün, this can be used as an onset in Northern Thai.r
s high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
-t when syllable-final.
ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ
Not used for writing Pali.o,148
`, '\u{1A47}': `ᩇ
Unlike Khün, this can be used as an onset in Northern Thai. But it seems that it isn't used to start any words.r
s high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᨽᩣᩇᩣ
-t when syllable-final.
ᨷᩢᨱ᩠ᨻᨷᩩᩁᩩᩇ
Not used for writing Pali.o,148
`, '\u{1A48}': `ᩈ
s high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ
-t when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A49}': `
ᩉ
h high class consonant with inherent vowel á.
ᩋᩣᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ
Combinations (high class)
‘Leading ha’ is also used to change the class (to high) of the following nine (as opposed to 8 for Khün) low class consonant nasals and resonants that do not have corresponding high class graphemeso,151. Note that two of the combinations use medials, rather than subjoined forms.
ᩉ᩠ᨾ
m is ᩉ᩠ᨾ
ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣᩴ᩵
ᩉ᩠ᨶ
n is ᩉ᩠ᨶ
ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩵ᨦ
ᩉ᩠ᨿ
ɲ is ᩉ᩠ᨿ
ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ
ᩉ᩠ᨦ
ŋ is ᩉ᩠ᨦ
ᩉ᩠ᩅ
w is ᩉ᩠ᩅ
ᩉᩕ
l is ᩉᩕ
ᩉ᩠ᩃ
l is ᩉ᩠ᩃ
ᩉᩖ
l is ᩉᩖ
ᩉᩖᩢᨠ
ᩉ᩠ᨬ
l is ᩉ᩠ᨬ
`, '\u{1A4A}': `
ᩊ
l low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
-n when syllable-final.
`, '\u{1A4B}': `
ᩋ
Represents the independent vowel ʔa in Pali, but acts as a consonant in Northern Thai.
ʔ mid class glottal stop with inherent vowel á. Used to create standalone vowels.
ᩋᩪ᩶
ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ
ʔa when it occurs alone.
ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ
Composite vowels (diphthongs)
Also used in the following vowel sign sequences.
ʔaː is ᩋᩣ
ᩋᩣᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ
ᩮᩥᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa is ᩮᩥᩬᩋᩡ
ᨾᩮᩥᩬ᩵ᩋ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa may also be ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
-ɯa- is ᩮᩥᩬᩋ
ᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
-ɯaː may also be ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
`, '\u{1A4C}': `
ᩌ
h low class consonant with inherent vowel a᷇.
ᩌᩣᩴ
Subjoined form of this character is a recent innovation.
`, '\u{1A4D}': `ᩍ
i independent vowel.
Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. This sound can also be written using 1A4B 1A65.
`, '\u{1A4E}': `ᩎ
iː independent vowel.
Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. This sound can also be written using 1A4B 1A66.
`, '\u{1A4F}': `ᩏ
u independent vowel.
Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. This sound can also be written using 1A4B 1A69.
`, '\u{1A50}': `ᩐ
uː independent vowel.
Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. This sound can also be written using 1A4B 1A6A.
`, '\u{1A51}': `ᩑ
eː independent vowel.
ᩑᨠ
Independent vowels are used for a handful of syllable-initial standalone vowel sounds. This sound can also be written using 1A4B 1A6E.
`, '\u{1A52}': `ᩒ
`, '\u{1A53}': `ᩓ
lɛː low tone ligature.
ᩈᩮᩓ᩠ᩅ᩶
Used in around 40 Northern Thai words.r
(The Lanna Alif font produces this shape for the sequence ᩃᩯ but Wordingham argues that this is not a ligature of those letters, but of l and an unencoded Lao superscript.)r
`, '\u{1A54}': `ᩔ
Used medially.
-ss- high class consonant, representing a geminated 1A48.
`, '\u{1A55}': `
ᩕ
Commonly silent.
ᩌᩦᨷᩕᩪ
When not silent, this has an aspirating/fricativising effect and/or produces the sound /l/, the latter preceded by an anaptyctic vowel.r
Combinations
ᨷᩕ
pʰ- is ᨷᩕ
ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ
ᨲᩕ
tʰ- is ᨲᩕ
ᩁ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨲᩕᩦ
ᨴᩕ
tʰ- is also ᨴᩕ
ᨠᩕ
x- is ᨠᩕ
ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ
ᨣᩕ
x- is also ᨣᩕ
ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ
ᩉᩕ
h l -n is ᩉᩕ
`, '\u{1A56}': `
ᩖ
Medial consonant. This sign is commonly not pronouncedr.
ᨠᩖᩣ᩶
ᨻᩖᩪ
In some cases, it may be pronounced -l- or finally as -n (rare)r.
Combinations
ᩉᩖ
l when high class is ᩉᩖ.
ᩉᩖᩢᨠ
`, '\u{1A58}': `ᩘ
-ŋ final consonant. Wordingham reports that this has a strong tendency to replace anusvara or niggahita before s, h and l.r
ɔː vowel.
He also reports that this may act as a final consonant in some fonts, but in others it acts like Burmese kinzi. It was a bit fiddly to get it working under OpenType, as the USE puts in the preceding syllable rather than the following syllable
, and that there are a few words in which it acts on its own as a vowel with the sound ɔː.r
(See also 1A59.)
`, '\u{1A59}': `ᩙ
-ŋ final consonant.
(See also 1A58.)
`, '\u{1A5A}': `ᩚ
`, '\u{1A5B}': `ᩛ
tʰ special form.
Has two readings.
Subjoined PA.
p special subjoined form, typically used instead of ᨻ.
ᩋᨾᩛ
ᩈᨻᩛ
Compare with the somewhat rare subjoined forme, eg. ᨷᩢᨱ᩠ᨻᨷᩩᩁᩩᩇ
High rata.
tʰ special subjoined form used instead of ᨮ.
ᩈᨱᩛᩣ᩠ᨶ
ᩁᨭᩛᨷᩣ᩠ᩃ
Compare that with the rare normal subjoined forme, eg. ᩈᨳᨷᩢ᩠ᨶᩁᩣᨩᨽᩢ᩠ᨮᨩ᩠ᩀᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩱ᩵
`, '\u{1A5D}': `ᩝ
Infrequent.
b final consonant.
The shape produced by this, is different from that produced by a subjoined BA. Compare:
ᨠᩝ
ᨠ᩠ᨷ
It's possible that this represents a syllable onset with the sound b, while 1A60 1A37 as an onset consonant has the sound p.r
`, '\u{1A5E}': `ᩞ
Infrequent.
s final consonant.
Use of this character rather than 1A60 1A48 seems to be a matter of taste.r
`, '\u{1A60}': `᩠
Used to cause stacking of consonants. Note that, unlike most other Brahmi scripts, this doesn't necessarily kill the vowel between the consonants.
Also unusually, it can also be used after vowel signs, and digits.
ᨡᩬᩴᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ
᪓᩠ᨴ
ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ
It is always invisible in normal text.
`, '\u{1A61}': `ᩡ
-aʔ Used to signal the short vowel, rather than the long, in open syllables.
ᨿᩡ
ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ
Short, open vowels always end with a glottal stop. Although this vowel is not formally equated with a glottal stop, there is always an unwritten glottal stop where it appears.
Combinations (plain vowels)
ᩮᩡ
-eʔ is ᩮᩡ
ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
-ɤʔ is ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᩰᩡ
-oʔ is ᩰᩡ
ᩯᩡ
-ɛʔ is ᩯᩡ
ᨠᩯᩡ
ᩰᩬᩡ
-ɔʔ is ᩰᩬᩡ
ᨪᩰᩬᩡ
Combinations (diphthongs)
᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
-iaʔ is ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa is ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
-uaʔ is ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
`, '\u{1A62}': `
ᩢ
-a- dependent vowel when used alone in closed syllables.
ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ
Also used to represent a syllable-final -k sound. The following words are examples.r
ᩁᩢ
ᨾᩢᩣ
ᨯᩢᩬᩡ
ᨻ᩠ᩅᩢ
ᩃᩢᩪ
Composite vowels (plain)
Participates in the following vowel sign sequences, where it often indicates a short vowel.
ᩮᩢ
-e- is ᩮᩢ
ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ
ᩮᩥᩢ
-ɤ- is ᩮᩥᩢ
ᩯᩢ
-ɛ- is ᩯᩢ
ᩢᩬ
-ɔ- is ᩢᩬ
ᨯᩢᩬ
Composite vowels (diphthongs)
Participates in the following vowel sign sequences, where it often indicates a short vowel.
ᩢ᩠ᨿ
-ia- is ᩢ᩠ᨿ
ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
᩠ᩅᩢ
-ua- is ᩠ᩅᩢ
ᨻ᩠ᩅᩢ
ᩮᩢᩣ
-aw is ᩮᩢᩣ
ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶
ᩮᩢᩤ
-aw is ᩮᩢᩤ
`, '\u{1A63}': `
ᩣ
aː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables. Note how the vowel sign carries the tone mark and the syllable-final consonant.
ᨡᩣ᩶ ᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨠ ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ
Shaping
This character and 1A64 are both used to represent the same phoneme. The choice of which is used is a matter of spelling. The taller version is typically used after the following consonants: ᨷ ᩅ ᨴ ᨵ ᨣ
This avoids confusion with otherwise similar shapes, eg. ᩅᩣ looks like ᨲ. Some textbooks also recommende its use after: ᨧ ᨻ ᩁ ᨽ
The combination 1A36 1A63 forms a ligature 1A36 1A63. ᨶᩣᩴ
Composite vowels (diphthong)
Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.
ᩣ᩠ᨿ
-aj is ᩣ᩠ᨿ
ᩋᩣ᩠᩶ᨿ
ᩮᩢᩣ
-aw is ᩮᩢᩣ
ᩃᩮᩢᩣ
`, '\u{1A64}': `ᩤ
aː when used alone, a long vowel, in open or closed syllables.
Shaping
This character and 1A63 are both used to represent the same phoneme. The choice of which is used is a matter of spelling. The taller version is typically (Owen says only, for Khüno,152) used after ᨷ ᩅ ᨴ ᨵ ᨣ
This avoids confusion with otherwise similar shapes, eg. ᩅᩣ looks like ᨲ. Some textbooks also recommende it's use after ᨧ ᨻ ᩁ ᨽ
Combinations
Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.
-aw is ᩮᩢᩤ
ᨣᩮᩢᩤ
`, '\u{1A65}': `ᩥ
i short dependent vowel when used alone in open or closed syllables.
ᨤᩥ᩠ᨦ
Combinations (plain vowels)
ᩮᩥᩢ
-ɤ- is ᩮᩥᩢ
ᩃᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨠ
ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
-ɤʔ is ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᩮᩥ
-ɤː- is ᩮᩥ
ᨦᩮᩥ᩠ᨶ
ᩮᩥᩬ
-ɤː is ᩮᩥᩬ
Combinations (diphthongs)
ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
ᩮᩥᩬ
-ɯa also is ᩮᩥᩬ
ᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ
`, '\u{1A66}': `ᩦ
-iː long dependent vowel, used in open or closed syllables.
ᨾᩦ᩠ᨯ
`, '\u{1A67}': `
ᩧ
ɯ short dependent vowel, used in open or closed syllables.
ᨾᩧ᩠ᨦ
`, '\u{1A68}': `
ᩨ
-ɯː long dependent vowel when used alone, in open or closed syllables.
ᩉᩨ᩶
Combinations (diphthongs)
ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa is ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
-ɯaː is ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
ᩮᩨᩬ
-ɯa- is ᩮᩨᩬ
`, '\u{1A69}': `
ᩩ
-uʔ short dependent vowel, used in open or closed syllables.
ᨿᩩᨦ
`, '\u{1A6A}': `
ᩪ
-uː long dependent vowel, used in open or closed syllables.
ᩁᩪ᩶
`, '\u{1A6B}': `
ᩫ
-o- short dependent vowel, when used alone in closed syllables.
ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ
Combinations (plain vowel)
ᩰᩫ
-oː- is ᩰᩫ
ᨧᩰᩫ᩠ᩁ
Combinations (diphthongs)
᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
-uaʔ is ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ
᩠ᩅᩫ
-uaː is ᩠ᩅᩫ
ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ
`, '\u{1A6C}': `ᩬ
-ɔː long dependent vowel, used in open or closed syllables.
ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ
Combinations (plain vowels)
ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
-ɤʔ is ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᩮᩥᩬ
-ɤː is ᩮᩥᩬ
ᩬᩴ
-ɔː is ᩬᩴ
ᨻᩬᩴ᩵
ᩢᩬ
-ɔ- is ᩢᩬ
ᨠᩢᩬᩃᨼ᩺
ᩰᩬᩡ
-ɔʔ is ᩰᩬᩡ
Combinations (diphthongs)
ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa is ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
-ɯaː is ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
ᩮᩨᩬ
-ɯa- is ᩮᩨᩬ
ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ
`, '\u{1A6D}': `ᩭ
`, '\u{1A6E}': `ᩮ
-eː long dependent vowel when used alone in open or closed syllables.
ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ
Combinations (plain vowels)
ᩮᩢ
-e- is ᩮᩢ
ᩮᩡ
-eʔ is ᩮᩡ
ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ
ᩮᩥᩢ
-ɤ- is ᩮᩥᩢ
ᩃᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨠ
ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
-ɤʔ is ᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩥᩬᩡ
ᩮᩥ
-ɤː- is ᩮᩥ
ᨦᩮᩥ᩠ᨶ
ᩮᩥᩬ
-ɤː is ᩮᩥᩬ
Combinations (diphthongs)
᩠ᨿᩮ
-ia is ᩠ᨿᩮ
ᩉᩮ᩠ᨿ
᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
-iaʔ is ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ
ᨦᩮᩥ᩠ᨶ
ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩥᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
-ia- is ᩮᩨᩢᩬ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
-ɯa is ᩮᩨᩬᩋᩡ
ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
-ɯaː is ᩮᩨᩬᩋ
ᩮᩨᩬ
-ɯa- is ᩮᩨᩬ
ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ
ᩮᩢᩣ
-aw is ᩮᩢᩣ
ᩃᩮᩢᩣ
ᩮᩢᩤ
-aw is ᩮᩢᩤ
`, '\u{1A6F}': `
ᩯ
-ɛː long dependent vowel when used alone, in open or closed syllables.
ᨾᩯ᩵
ᩋᩯ᩠᩵ᩅ
Combinations
ᩯᩢ
-ɛ- is ᩯᩢ
ᩯᩡ
-ɛʔ is ᩯᩡ
ᨠᩯᩡ
`, '\u{1A70}': `ᩰ
-oː long dependent vowel when used alone, in open or closed syllables.
ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ
Combinations
ᩰᩡ
-oʔ is ᩰᩡ
ᩰᩫ
-oː- is ᩰᩫ
ᨧᩰᩫ᩠ᩁ
ᩰᩬᩡ
-ɔʔ is ᩰᩬᩡ
ᨪᩰᩬᩡ
`, '\u{1A71}': `ᩱ
-aj dependent diphthong.
ᩉᩱ᩵
Combinations
ᩱ᩠ᨿ
-aj can also be written ᩱ᩠ᨿ
ᨴᩱ᩠ᨿ
`, '\u{1A72}': `ᩲ
Rare. little used
-aj dependent diphthong.
ᨩᩲ᩶
The original pronunciation for this letter was aɯ, after which it shifted to aj, which made it largely redundant because 1A71 already represents that sound.r
`, '\u{1A73}': `ᩳ
Rare. little used
-ɔː dependent vowel.
ᨾᩳ
`, '\u{1A74}': `
ᩴ
Serves as both a final consonant sound and as a vowel (or vowel component).
Final consonant
-ŋ or -m
Used to mark final nasals with the short vowels a, i, u in Pali words.e,153
When used with 1A63 or 1A64, Northern Thai often follows the Thai model, which places the MAI KANG to the left of the vowel (overlapping the preceding consonant) It may however also appear over the vowel, and can appear over the gap between preceding consonant and vowel. When it appears over just the vowel, it doesn't attract the tone mark, but in other positions it does.r Regardless of visual placement, this character should be typed and stored after the vowel sign (in the same way as it does in Khmer, eg. កាំ).e,153
ᩌᩣᩴ ᨣᩤᩴᨾᩮᩨᩬᨦ
Note also that the vowel is shortened to -am in many native wordse,153 in the patterns ᩅᩣᩴ and ᨣᩤᩴ. (See the previous examples.)
Vowel
-ɔː, eg. ᨷᩴ᩵ ᨣᩴ
Composite vowel
Participates in the following vowel sign sequence.
-ɔː ᨠᩬᩴ kɔ̄ŋ̊
ᨻᩬᩴ᩵
`, '\u{1A75}': `᩵
Tone mark. Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 3 for high and mid class onsets.
ᨠᩱ᩵
Sets tone 4 for low class onsets.
ᨩᩨ᩵
`, '\u{1A76}': `᩶
Tone mark. Used only on unchecked syllables (ie. not ending in -p, -t, or -k).
Sets tone 5 for high and mid class onsets.
ᨳᩣ᩶
Sets tone 6 for low class onsets.
ᨩᩲ᩶
`, '\u{1A77}': `᩷
`, '\u{1A78}': `᩸
`, '\u{1A79}': `᩹
`, '\u{1A7A}': `᩺
Silencer mark.
Used in Northern Thai to elide the sound(s) it follows. The precise range of characters not to be sounded is not defined (that is, it’s a reading rule), although it does not extend beyond one cluster.e
It can be used:
(Note that the Unicode description suggests that following characters are silenced, rather than preceding sounds.)
`, '\u{1A7B}': `᩻
This symbol has 3 different uses.
Repetition
Used at the end of a word to indicate that it should be repeatede. For example, compare the following:
ᨲᩣ᩠᩵ᨦ
ᨲᩣ᩠᩵᩻ᨦ
Double-acting consonants
Also used to indicate 'double-acting' consonants, stored where the consonant would be stored if there were a separate consonant usede, eg. compare these alternative spellings:
ᨡᩮᩢᩣ᩶ᨡᩬᨦ
ᨡᩮᩢᩬᩣ᩠᩶᩻ᨦ
Syllable boundary indicator
A third use is somewhat different. A subjoined letter may be medial, final, or the start of a new syllable. Mai sam can be used to indicate that a consonant begins a new syllable, in which case it is stored following the subjoined form and indicates that it is the consonant that starts the new syllable, eg. compare the following (final r is pronounced as n):
ᨳᩫ᩠ᨶᩁ tʰo˖ṉṟ tʰonra
ᨳ᩠ᨶᩫ᩻ᩁ tʰo˖ṉʻṟ tʰanon
`, '\u{1A7C}': `᩼
Not used. Northern Thai would instead use 1A7A.
`, '\u{1A7F}': `᩿
Cryptographic mark.
Used singly or multiply beneath letters to give each letter a different value according to some hidden agreement between reader and writer. For an example, see figure 6 at e.
`, '\u{1A80}': `᪀
0 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A81}': `᪁
1 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A82}': `᪂
2 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A83}': `᪃
3 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A84}': `᪄
4 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A85}': `᪅
5 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A86}': `᪆
6 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A87}': `᪇
7 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A88}': `᪈
8 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A89}': `᪉
9 secular (hora) digit.
`, '\u{1A90}': `᪐
0 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A91}': `᪑
1 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A92}': `᪒
2 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A93}': `᪓
3 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A94}': `᪔
4 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A95}': `᪕
5 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A96}': `᪖
6 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A97}': `᪗
7 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A98}': `᪘
8 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1A99}': `᪙
9 ecclesiastical (tham) digit.
`, '\u{1AA0}': `᪠
Logograph for 'city'.
`, '\u{1AA1}': `᪡
Logograph for 'village'.
`, '\u{1AA2}': `᪢
Logograph for 'heaven'.
`, '\u{1AA3}': `᪣
Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents a courtyard. The following combination has been observede: ᪣᪩
`, '\u{1AA4}': `᪤
Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents an oyster.e
`, '\u{1AA5}': `᪥
Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents a flower. The following combination has been observede: ᪩᪥᪩
`, '\u{1AA6}': `᪦
At the end of a section, this character, ᪬, and ᪩ may be combined in a number of ways. The following may all occure:
᪦᪦᪩
᪩᪦᪩
᪩᪦᪩᪬
᪦᪦᪬
`, '\u{1AA7}': `ᪧ
Indicates reduplication of the preceding word, eg.
ᨴᩩᨠᪧ
ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁᪧ
Adverbs are often derived by reduplicating an adjective.7149
`, '\u{1AA8}': `᪨
The four signs ᪨, ᪩, ᪪, and ᪫ are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality.e
`, '\u{1AA9}': `᪩
The four signs ᪨, ᪩, ᪪, and ᪫ are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality.e
At the end of a section, this character and ᪬ may be combined with ᪦ in a number of ways. The following may all occure:
᪦᪦᪩
᪩᪦᪩
᪩᪦᪩᪬
᪦᪦᪬
The following section starters have been observede:
᪣᪩
᪥᪩
`, '\u{1AAA}': `᪪
The four signs ᪨, ᪩, ᪪, and ᪫ are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality.e
`, '\u{1AAB}': `᪫
The four signs ᪨, ᪩, ᪪, and ᪫ are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality.e
`, '\u{1AAC}': `᪬
At the end of a section, this character, ᪦, and ᪩ may be combined with this symbol in a couple of wayse:
᪩᪦᪩᪬
᪦᪦᪬
`, '\u{1AAD}': `᪭
Used as a dingbat and section starter, this represents an elephant, and is normally accompaniede,7 by the vowel sign for ā.
᪭ᩣ
`, }